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The Wafra Joint Operation (WJO) Oilfield is located in the central-west part of the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone. The Wafra oilfield reserves were first discovered and wells drilled in 1954. This field produces two types of crude oil, Ratawi (light oil) and Eocene (heavy oil), with average water cut of 8085%. During operation, the production wells produce the oil emulsion through mostly coated flowlines to sub-centres (SC) where the sour oil, water and gas are separated. The facility has two gathering fields; Eocene and Ratawi. Eocene has 2 phase separation, whilst Ratawi has 3 phase separation. The sour gas is either flared or flows to the Main Power Generation Plant, whilst the oil is processed to the Main Gathering Center (MGC). The produced waters (PW) are routed to the Pressure Maintenance Plant (PMP).
The abrupt shutdown of the Joint Operations (JO) production facilities led to a deviation from normal shutdown standard operating procedures such as draining and purging of the corrosive production fluids. Consequently, the ensuing deterioration, as a result of corrosion and other associated damage mechanisms, is bound to increase the integrity threats to JO equipment and therefore, negatively impact the restart of operation. The main anticipated damage mechanisms such as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and under deposit corrosion (UDC) are likely to manifest in the form of pinhole leaks, leading to increased incidence of loss of containment and subsequent negative Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) consequences. This paper explores different mitigations that were utilized in maintaining the integrity of the JO equipment, including chemical preservation, the use of risk based assessment for the optimization of the chemical preservation methodology and subsequently, the use of enhanced preservation as a long-term preservation approach.
The crude oil produced by fracking or hydraulic fracturing method are high in sulfur content (0.5%)1. The vast majority of vessels that are used in the petrochemical industry to store and transport materials are constructed using Carbon steel. Coating linings used for corrosion protection inside of vessels and tanks must perform under severe conditions such as an exposure to corrosive gasses ( H2S) and carbon dioxide as well as high temperatures, high pressures and often must withstand the cold wall effect and rapid decompression.
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Geothermal Energy is currently engineered as an “always on” baseload supply, due to the limited flexibility to throttle the well without scaling and fatigue issues, and it is engineered for maximal efficiency at this output level. Scaling is a major problem in geothermal plants, particularly in cases where the geothermal fluid composition and plant operation make it difficult to control scaling. In such areas, particularly where scale inhibitors cannot be employed, the formation of scales can make the process less efficient and in extreme cases can lead to unexpected shutdown.
Measuring the severity of corrosion on a specific alloy is often accomplished via mass loss using ASTM G-1. These processes work well and provide high fidelity data for many materials, especially steels. However, recent internal findings and disclosures from other research groups have highlighted a potential issue with using mass loss techniques to measure the damage on some aluminum alloy surfaces.