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The crude oil produced by fracking or hydraulic fracturing method are high in sulfur content (0.5%)1. The vast majority of vessels that are used in the petrochemical industry to store and transport materials are constructed using Carbon steel. Coating linings used for corrosion protection inside of vessels and tanks must perform under severe conditions such as an exposure to corrosive gasses ( H2S) and carbon dioxide as well as high temperatures, high pressures and often must withstand the cold wall effect and rapid decompression.
Epoxy coatings can be found in a broad range of industries and applications due to their exceptional performance such as corrosion and chemical resistance, mechanical properties, and adhesion to wide range of substrates. Within the protective coating market, epoxy systems have been used for many years as linings inside of chemical storage tanks, vessels and pipelines due to their good thermal and chemical resistance properties. In the petrochemicals industry, high-solid epoxy coatings are also used for lining rail cars that transport crude oil. Specific to the petrochemical industry where facilities handle both conventional crude or shale crude, the requirements placed on the coatings are extremely demanding since quite often the coatings are exposed to highly corrosive chemicals and gases such as hydrogen sulfide, sulfuric acid, and carbon dioxide at both elevated temperatures and pressures. To better serve the petrochemical sector coating manufacturers need linings which provide a high level of chemical resistance and pass stringent industry standards.
It is fair to say that maintenance in the worldwide oil and gas industry has changed dramatically over the past ten years. Facility owners are more than ever looking to reduce shutdown times, to improve plant efficiency and to extend plant lifetimes. With this comes the increased industry understanding about corrosion under insulation (CUI) with its deleterious impact and the ongoing desire for pragmatic high performance and cost-effective coating solutions.
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Of the most severe operations in the oil and gas industry are operations under high pressure and high temperatures where pressures and temperatures exceed 1000 psi and 212°F (100°C). Such operations may contain a variety of chemical constituents such as CO2 and H2S gases, hydrocarbons, and water. To address corrosion issues, materials engineers look into either upgrading to expensive alloys or use protective coatings.
The Wafra Joint Operation (WJO) Oilfield is located in the central-west part of the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone. The Wafra oilfield reserves were first discovered and wells drilled in 1954. This field produces two types of crude oil, Ratawi (light oil) and Eocene (heavy oil), with average water cut of 8085%. During operation, the production wells produce the oil emulsion through mostly coated flowlines to sub-centres (SC) where the sour oil, water and gas are separated. The facility has two gathering fields; Eocene and Ratawi. Eocene has 2 phase separation, whilst Ratawi has 3 phase separation. The sour gas is either flared or flows to the Main Power Generation Plant, whilst the oil is processed to the Main Gathering Center (MGC). The produced waters (PW) are routed to the Pressure Maintenance Plant (PMP).