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Analytical methods for verification of assumed performance metrics, in terms of sizing are presented in this paper. The application of methods and criteria described in API 1163 for rejection and acceptance of assumed tool tolerance are discussed.
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The intent of this document is to describe the major aspects of the sampling process, from specific sample identification, determination of analytical requirements, through sample point design, to sample collection. Consideration of these aspects is necessary for the development of robust and safe sampling programs, protocols, and procedures to facilitate indirect corrosion monitoring.
This document is to assist end users in the development of sampling programs. The guidance is structured to provide an awareness of the major aspects of program design, which if not addressed, may have a significant negative impact on the overall performance of these programs. While this document has been primarily developed with a focus on sampling for indirect internal corrosion monitoring; the basic concepts have a broader applicability and may be of benefit to those developing sampling programs in other areas or for other requirements.
The Wafra Joint Operation (WJO) Oilfield is located in the central-west part of the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone. The Wafra oilfield reserves were first discovered and wells drilled in 1954. This field produces two types of crude oil, Ratawi (light oil) and Eocene (heavy oil), with average water cut of 8085%. During operation, the production wells produce the oil emulsion through mostly coated flowlines to sub-centres (SC) where the sour oil, water and gas are separated. The facility has two gathering fields; Eocene and Ratawi. Eocene has 2 phase separation, whilst Ratawi has 3 phase separation. The sour gas is either flared or flows to the Main Power Generation Plant, whilst the oil is processed to the Main Gathering Center (MGC). The produced waters (PW) are routed to the Pressure Maintenance Plant (PMP).
The Wafra Joint Operation (WJO) Oilfield is located in the central-west part of the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone. The Wafra oilfield reserves were first discovered and wells drilled in 1953 and production in commercial quantities began in 1954. This field produces two types of crude oil, Ratawi (light oil) and Eocene (heavy oil), with average water cut of 80-85%. During operation, the production wells produce the oil emulsion through mostly coated flowlines to sub-centres (SC) where the sour oil, water and gas are separated. The facility has two gathering fields: Eocene and Ratawi. Eocene has 2 phase separation, whilst Ratawi has 3 phase separation.
An accurate and comprehensive coating failure analysis often hinges not only on the quality of the field investigation and the laboratory analysis but also on effective communication between the field analyst and the forensic laboratory. Several steps can be taken during a field investigation to ensure that samples of coating removed for laboratory analysis fairly represent the condition of the coatings and give the forensic laboratory the best possible chance of discovering the root cause of the coating failure.
The Hanford Site stores over 50 million gallons (190 million liters) of legacy nuclear process waste that was generated from plutonium separations and waste management processes. This waste, in the form of supernatant liquids, saltcakes, and sludges is contained in large underground storage tanks, up to a million gallons (3.78 million liters) in capacity and lined with carbon steel. The waste was made highly alkaline to ensure passivation of the carbon steel, but it also contains nitrate, in high concentrations, along with fluoride and chloride that poses risks for stress corrosion cracking and pitting corrosion.
This recommended practice provides guidelines which are applicable to most situations in which corrosion products are to be collected and analyzed. Historical document 1973
Types of microorganisms and mechanisms by which MIC occurs on external surfaces of buried, ferrous-based metal pipelines. Testing for the presence of bacteria, research results, and interpretation.
The industry has been developing in-situ techniques to measure pipe properties in lieu of destructive approaches. This paper will review the techniques available to meet regulation changes announced in 2016 and propose procedural applications to improve repeatability and reliability.