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The objective of this work was to compare irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) growth behavior in simulated pressurized water reactor (PWR) water with pH maintained with LiOH versus KOH. The U.S. nuclear industry is considering changing PWR primary water chemistries to use KOH in place of LiOH, as a means to ensure a stable supply chain and secure cost savings. This experiment will specifically investigate the impact of these alkali ions on the crack growth rate (CGR) and to examine the crack morphologies generated by the CGR experiment.
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The use of carbon steel pipelines lined or clad with corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) is increasing in the O&G industry. These pipelines combine the mechanical properties of carbon steel with the corrosion resistance of CRAs. Some CRAs such as AISI 316L (UNS 31603) are not pre-qualified according to ANSI/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 part 3. The potential for corrosion and cracking of carbon steel in some applications can require a CRA liner/clad layer to resist corrosion but this can introduce the possible risk of stress corrosion cracking of some CRAs.
Fracture mechanical specimens of the compact tension (CT) type are normally used in tests that study stress corrosion crack (SCC) growth rates (CGR). Normally, the width, W, is twice the thickness, B (W=2B), and B for common specimen sizes is 12.5 or 25 mm. The specimen size can be changed by scaling its dimensions.
Nickel based Alloy 600 is used within the nuclear industry in structural components due to its good mechanical properties and general corrosion resistance, however upon exposure to primary water environments at elevated temperatures it can be affected by Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking (PWSCC). Nickel Based Alloy (NBA) susceptibility to PWSCC is dependent on a number of factors that include material type, condition and microstructure, as well as fabrication method, and can be investigated by uniaxial initiation testing in a primary water environment, where specimens are held at constant load under an elevated temperature.
Maintaining the integrity of oilfield equipment is essential to its safe operation and to maximize the efficiency of production. The integrity of oilfield equipment can rely on material selection and control of conditions, however, it is commonly maintained by the applications of chemical corrosion inhibitors (CI). Prior to use, these chemicals must be shown to perform as desired under the field conditions in question. To achieve this, chemicals are often evaluated using robust laboratory-based screening studies to identify potential candidates.
Proper surface preparation to create sufficient adhesion of a coating over the substrate is fundamentally important in the long-life performance of a protective coating. Abrasive blast cleaning provides a fast and well-established method of surface preparation, which utilizes energy generated by an air supply to deliver a mass of abrasive particles at certain speeds and volumes to impact the steel resulting in a cleaned surface. The method not only cleans the surface to remove rust, scale, paint, and similar contaminations, but also roughens the surface to produce mechanical and chemical adhesion for a coating. Therefore, abrasive blasting is the preferred method for preparing steel for the application of high-performance coatings and routinely used for achieving the required surface conditions prior to a coating work.
As long ago as 1973, design codes1 considered the possibility of hydrogen embrittlement due to CP. Between 1986 and 19952-4 the failure of DSS fasteners subjected to CP were reported. These were associated with high ferrite levels in the steel (approximately 70%) combined with precipitation hardening at 475°C to give the high levels of strength desired for fastener applications. At the same time, the susceptibility of DSS welds to hydrogen embrittlement had been reported5. Just like the fastener failures, the hydrogen cracking of welds was associated with high ferrite levels (70%), highly restrained joints and in the case of welds, high levels of diffusible hydrogen.
Previous studies have shown that the presence of oxygen in wet carbon steel pipelines can present a major integrity management issue. The presence of O2 in the process accelerates corrosion rates and has been identified as a major culprit in the formation of black solids in gas transmission pipelines.
High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels are preferred for oil and gas pipelines due to their outstanding mechanical properties. Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) has been a major problem for the application of HSLA carbon steel because of the wet H2S environment which commonly presents in oil and gas industry. Several techniques are applied to the study of SSC of steels, including constant load test with smooth specimens and DCB testing.
High strength carbon steel tensile wires confined in the annulus of flexible pipes might experience corrosion when the annulus is flooded with water, either due to outer sheath breaches or to condensation of water molecules permeating from the bore through the inner sheath. Carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules may also permeate from the bore and reach the annulus, where it dissolves into water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).
Offshore assets such as drilling rigs, production platforms, and wind turbines present challenges for corrosion prevention maintenance. The primary defense against atmospheric corrosion on structural steel in offshore saltwater environments is a protective coating system.
Several factors cause protective coatings to degrade rapidly: besides wearing and damage encountered in installation and use, ultraviolet light breaks down the organic resins and corrosive seawater causes under creep at any breaks in the coating. Maintenance coating for offshore atmospheric systems can therefore be necessary as early as the second year.
The NACE International Institute Contractor Accreditation Program (NIICAP) is an industry managed accreditation program that validates a contractor's quality assurance program, support practices, and production processes.
SSPC established the Coating Application Specialist (CAS) Certification Program for industrial painters in 2008, at present there are 8 standards for applicators. It includes QP1 FIELD APPLICATION TO COMPLEX INDUSTRIAL AND MARINE STRUCTURES, QP2 FIELD REMOVAL OF HAZARDOUS COATINGS and QP3 SHOP PAINTING ACCREDITATION PROGRAM.