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Erosion-corrosion plays an important role in determining the durability of the erosive/corrosive slurry handling equipment. The combined action of erosion and corrosion produces a high degradation rate. Material loss rate due to erosion-corrosion is usually significantly higher than the sum of material loss rate due to pure erosion and pure corrosion acting separately. The degradation in erosion-corrosion is primarily by matrix extrusion due to abrasive particle impact.
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Implementation of classification and certification programs for durable industrial and infrastructure maintenance coating systems is hindered by a lack of test protocols to reliably accelerate the aging process and estimate service lifetime. This gap in the industry also hurts development efforts toreformulate or add new color choices to existing product lines. The first problem can be addressed by performing long-term weathering testing at outdoor exposure sites in places like south Florida and Arizona, but the need to wait 5 or 10 years or longer to confirm a classification or certify a product makes such schemes difficult to implement and ultimately reduces their value.
Powder metallurgy with hot isostatic pressing (PM-HIP), which enables to densify powders in a furnace at high pressure and temperature is a newly developed manufacturing process for pressure retaining part in nuclear industry. It has advantages such as weld free near-net shape products, improved material properties for castings, short process time, saving in raw material costs, etc. EPRI have conducted several tests such as tensile test, impact test, chemical composition analysis on the manufactured samples for pressure retaining applications.
Oil and gas wells represent a large capital investment. It is imperative that corrosion of well casings be controlled to prevent loss of oil and gas, environmental damage, and personnel hazards, and in order to ensure economical depletion of oil and gas reserve. Wells placed in external corrosive environment shall be protected by appropriate barriers such as additional cemented casing, cathodic protection and coating to assure well casing integrity.
Oil and gas operations worldwide are impacted by the presence of microorganisms. A variety of microorganisms can be found in the oilfield, dependent on the type of operation, geology, location, water source and water treatment utilized. Biocides are used in all stages of oil and gas development to control microorganisms and their detrimental impacts on production such as corrosion, biofouling, and souring. A wide number of biocides are used to control microorganisms, ranging from oxidizing biocides that react quickly but leave no residual activity, to preservatives which act slowly, but provide antimicrobial activity for weeks or months at a time. The spectrum of biocides used in oil and gas are covered by several excellent reviews and will not be detailed in this paper.
A holiday is defined as a pinhole or discontinuity in a coating lining. These discontinuities are frequently very small and not readily visible and create a pathway for oxygen and an electrolyte to cause deterioration of the underlying substrate. These defects will tend to reduce the life expectancy of a coating in service, particularly if the service is to include immersion, such as the lining of a tank or a pipe.
In linepipes for transportation of natural gas, suppression of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) caused by H2S contained in the transportation medium is an important issue. HIC is a phenomenon in which hydrogen atoms generated by a corrosion reaction penetrate steel and are accumulated in the central segregation part and inclusions in the steel, internal pressure is increased by gasification, and finally cracks occur.
For decades, many asset owner/operators across the O&G value chain (and other critical industry segments) of upstream, midstream, & downstream have struggled to identify the root cause of fluctuating corrosion/erosion rates due to unreliable or infrequent data during various operating intervals on their most valuable of assets. This key missing data point has forced mechanical integrity teams, corrosion engineers, inspectors, and operations to, in many cases, make the best guess or hypothesize how to operate with a limited data set of information. In almost all cases, a time-based inspection or maintenance interval is used to gauge the useful lifetime of assets based on this limited data simply because these assets couldn’t give their owners a real-time health diagnostic of how they were doing … until now.
Solid particles entrained in fluids can impact pipelines and equipment causing wear and material removal. Particle impact velocities that are affected by the carrier fluids have the largest effect on the magnitude and distribution of solid particle erosion rates in addition to the mass of impacting particles or the particle rates. In addition to the interaction of particles with the carrier fluids, particles interaction with solid materials makes this process highly complex and produces effects that are interesting and yet important to predict for practical engineering applications.
The increasing need for fossil fuels has resulted in more aggressive drilling and exploitation in oil and gas production industry. As new explorations at more extreme conditions (i.e. high temperature and high pressure) become more frequent, new challenges arise in terms of drilling equipment, operation conditions and safe production. Among those challenges, the mineral scale deposition, as one of the serious problems both for the surface and subsurface oilfields, can cause pipelines plugging, equipment failure and decrease in production efficiency, even emergency shutdown.
The corrosion of zirconium-based alloys is a service life-limiting factor in fuel rod performance. Mechanistic understanding of the corrosion process under reactor irradiation conditions still alludes to the nuclear industry. Pre-transition corrosion behavior of Zircaloy-4 has been reported to show a minimal effect from the irradiation environment, and the in-reactor corrosion kinetics is athermal and similar to the ex-situ autoclave corrosion exposure. However, the post-transition in-reactor corrosion kinetics depends on temperature and neutron flux. As discussed by Kammenzind et al. in Ref., the long-term post-transition corrosion rates of Zircaloy-4 are significantly accelerated in a PWR radiation environment over that observed with non-irradiated specimens in an autoclave environment.