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Acidizing process is generally performed on wells to maximize their initial productivity and on aging wells to restore productivity and maximize the recovery of the energy resources. The process involves pumping acid into a wellbore or geologic formation that is capable of producing oil and/or gas. Well acidizing is accomplished by pumping acid into the well to dissolve limestone, dolomite and calcite cement between the sediment grains of the reservoir rocks.
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The nuclear waste at the Hanford Site is currently stored in 131 single-shell tanks and 27 double-shell tanks (DSTs). When the primary liner in Tank 241-AY-102 (AY-102) failed, the secondary liner became the principal barrier of the tank, and leaked waste interacted with the refractory foundation beneath the primary liner. The high caustic concentration of the tank waste could have reacted with the tank refractory, lowering the pH and leading to increased corrosion rates of the annulus tank steel. The extent of change would depend on the waste volume to surface area ratio and other factors.
Electrochemical protection techniques have provided owners of reinforced concrete infrastructure a highly effective option for controlling reinforcement corrosion. This is particularly so for coastal assets, such as wharves and bridges which are exposed to seawater and in turn the corrosive effects thatfollow as chlorides migrate through the concrete cover to the reinforcement. Protection technologies have evolved considerably over the past 30 years in the Australian market.
Chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (CISCC) is a degradation phenomenon hindering structural integrity of a dry storage canister for interim storage of spent nuclear fuel. Owing to materials susceptibility, residual stress and corrosive environments, pitting corrosion and evolution of CISCC occur. Previous workers on CISCC have figured out that austenitic stainless steels is susceptible to CISCC due to its microstructural characteristics. In chloride-containing media, pits are formed at the surface of austenitic stainless steels and theses pits play a role as CISCC initiation sites. However, due to its complexity, fundamental mechanism of CISCC at various temperatures and relative humidity (RH) values is still in-debate.
The gap between fully immersed and ultra-thin film electrochemical measurements is wide, which suggests that the two conditions are independent of one another. There is a lot of work describing experiments, results, and trends regarding completely immersed electrochemical tests. However, in corrosion tests under thin electrolyte films, the information is not so abundant. A classical three-electrode cell used in conventional electrochemical tests cannot easily be scaled for immersion in electrolytes of micron thickness.
Organic corrosion inhibitors (CIs) are widely employed in the oil and gas industry to protect carbon steel pipelines against internal corrosion. The high inhibition efficiency of organic CIs at extremely low concentration can be attributed to their amphiphilic molecular structures. This structure enables the formation of self-assembled films that act against corrosion via the adsorption of their hydrophilic head group on the steel substrate and the repellence of aqueous corrosive species by their hydrophobic tail. Consequently, any factors affecting the film formation of organic CIs could lead to changes in inhibition behaviors.
Austenitic stainless steels (AuSS) are widely used as structural materials for nuclear reactor vessel internals (RVIs), as well as for fuel cladding and pressurizer components. Some of these components cannot be removed and replaced, and therefore the irradiation performance of the steel determines the lifetime of each reactor component. Typical irradiation-induced detrimental effects in light water-cooled power reactors include embrittlement, accelerated creep, and radiation-altered corrosion. Some second-order effects such as void swelling, hydrogen accumulation, and radiation-induced phase instability might be slowly evolving to first-order importance, especially as Western nuclear power plants are being considered for lifetime extensions to 60 and possibly 80 total years.
The decomposition process of ancient marine species in the seabed for millions of years coupled with the presence of specific geological conditions such as high pressures and temperatures led to the formation of what is known today as fossil fuels. For this reason, they can be found either on the earth's surface where ancient seas were located or beneath the seabed. Considering that the ocean covers three-quarters of the Earth's surface the offshore oil and natural gas exploration entail an enormous economic and strategic benefit.1
Carbon steels and low alloy steels have been used extensively in the oil and gas industry for many decades. The success of their applications in the energy sector is a balanced result of the materials affordability and operation needs in the fields. Producing H2S containing fluids remains a challenge for well integrity as no compromise is acceptable.
Despite its volatility the petroleum industry is still one of the leading sectors in the world economy in terms of revenue and job creation. The global oil and gas market size reached $5,870.13 billion in 2021 and there is optimism that it will surpass that mark in 2025 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6%. To make this prediction possible it is important to ensure the continuous flow of oil and gas by implementing an efficient integrity management system to avoid pipeline failures.
The Hanford Nuclear Reservation contains radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes arising mostly from weapons production, beginning with World War II and continuing through the Cold War. The wastes are stored in 177 carbon steel underground storage tanks, of which 149 are single-shell tanks (SSTs) and the remaining are double-shell tanks (DSTs). The U.S. Department of Energy, Office of River Protection is responsible for retrieving the tank wastes, treating them in order to encapsulate them in glass logs, and then permanently closing the tanks and associated facilities.
In the rectification process of reinforced concrete structures, one of the primary considerations made is the selection of concrete repair methodology and repair products. The suitability of concrete repair products is determined by the structure’s function, and some of the main technical aspects which are considered include compressive strength, bond strength, shrinkage and expansion, tensile strength, chemical resistance, and flow characteristics.