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Corrosion is not just a sustainment concern that impacts the availability and safety of critical structural assets; it is also a damage mechanism that should be considered during the initial design phase. By considering the corrosion process and associated preventive strategies during the design phase it is possible to reduce total ownership cost and improve equipment readiness. The Department of Defense spends more than $23 billion each year to control corrosion on aircraft and other equipment in its operations around the world.
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Galvanic anodes have been used to provide various levels of corrosion protection to reinforced concrete structures for many years.
As previously reported, the gap between electrochemical measurements for systems under bulk conditions and those under thin film layers of electrolyte is still important. Under thin film layers, it is not straightforward to take advantage of the typical three-electrode cell to electrochemically characterize a metallic surface under corrosion. Only a few localized electrochemical techniques are able to achieve measurements under thin films of moisture. It is important to bear in mind that the mechanism for corrosion under thin films is fully different from corrosion on bulk electrolytes and it is not valid to predict the behavior of the former system by extrapolating the latter.
Historically the corrosion condition and cathodic protection (CP) effectiveness of pipeline networks have been monitored by over-the-line surveys. Pipe-to-soil potentials and rectifier outputs are the major parameters measured, and for some pipelines a more intensive close interval survey is executed. Today test stations and more frequently rectifiers are equipped with remote monitoring devices which is shifting the industry towards the world of digitization. Unfortunately, external corrosion is still not fully under control.
The suitability of valves in certain profiles for low-pressure pure and blended hydrogen gas service has been investigated. To achieve this, the existing standards, practices, design codes and regulations are reviewed in this paper and the input of natural gas operators, engineering companies, valve manufacturers and experts has been utilized.
The research and trials done by natural gas operators is starting to reveal that the effect of low-pressure hydrogen gas on valves is negligible and the risks involved due to hydrogen embrittlement were low.
Adhesion is a physical property that is crucial in many coatings, sealants, and adhesive applications, be it automotive, marine, or aerospace for example. Pull-off adhesion testing is an important tool in evaluating a coating’s performance, particularly while comparing pre- and post-exposure results. No matter what the application, the method for testing adhesion along with selecting the appropriate testing criteria has been the subject of multiple studies and reviews in the historical literature.
Corrosion is responsible for the deterioration of steel structures over time. Thus, there are billions of dollars lost each year worldwide, due to leakage of materials transported in metallic pipelines, as well as the need for repair and replacement of materials. Cathodic protection is one of the main ways to minimize or even suspend the corrosive process, along with the application of protective coatings on metallic structures.
Watermain failures are not often recognized as corrosion but are usually referred to merely as “watermain breaks” because watermain pipe appears sound prior to failure. Some of the causes of watermain breaks are poor design, improper installation, surge or water hammer, soil movement, manufacturing defects, impact, internal corrosion, and external corrosion. Figure 1 shows some of the possible causes of the DI pipe.
Implementation of classification and certification programs for durable industrial and infrastructure maintenance coating systems is hindered by a lack of test protocols to reliably accelerate the aging process and estimate service lifetime. This gap in the industry also hurts development efforts toreformulate or add new color choices to existing product lines. The first problem can be addressed by performing long-term weathering testing at outdoor exposure sites in places like south Florida and Arizona, but the need to wait 5 or 10 years or longer to confirm a classification or certify a product makes such schemes difficult to implement and ultimately reduces their value.
Coatings are integral to a corrosion prevention strategy, especially with a multilayered system and cathodic protection. While these systems have redundancies and are designed with extended lifetimes, it is important to understand how each part of the system performs under stress. There are many coating chemistries out there for corrosion prevention, such as liquid epoxies and polyurethanes, but Fusion Bonded Epoxy systems have many favorable properties for scenarios that require the most cost-effective, resilient solution.
Solid particles entrained in fluids can impact pipelines and equipment causing wear and material removal. Particle impact velocities that are affected by the carrier fluids have the largest effect on the magnitude and distribution of solid particle erosion rates in addition to the mass of impacting particles or the particle rates. In addition to the interaction of particles with the carrier fluids, particles interaction with solid materials makes this process highly complex and produces effects that are interesting and yet important to predict for practical engineering applications.