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As previously reported, the gap between electrochemical measurements for systems under bulk conditions and those under thin film layers of electrolyte is still important. Under thin film layers, it is not straightforward to take advantage of the typical three-electrode cell to electrochemically characterize a metallic surface under corrosion. Only a few localized electrochemical techniques are able to achieve measurements under thin films of moisture. It is important to bear in mind that the mechanism for corrosion under thin films is fully different from corrosion on bulk electrolytes and it is not valid to predict the behavior of the former system by extrapolating the latter.
AA2024/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) galvanic couple has been studied under a dynamic electrolyte droplet from both numerical and experimental points of view. A NaCl droplet (3.5 wt.% initial concentration) was used as an electrolyte with controlled temperature (24.5 °C) and relative humidity (83.5%). The evaporation of the electrolyte was monitored by Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) for 24h, mimicking atmospheric corrosion phenomena. The electrochemical potential and the high of the droplet were continuously monitored. The finite element analysis included geometry, temperature, potential, aluminum compounds, and pH fields together with both electrochemical and physicochemical boundary condition types. Experimental and numerical findings presented good correlations.
Alloy K-500 (UNS N05500) is concomitantly a centurial material and the very first precipitation-strengthened nickel-based alloy, then developed in the 1920s by the newly-formed International Nickel Company, or Inco. Derived from Monel 400 (UNS N04400) that was invented in 1901, Alloy K-500 shares many of the same corrosion and tribological characteristics. Being a pioneer alloy with so-called “stain-less” characteristics, AlloyK-500 also established itself as the first high-strength oilfield nickel alloy, having survived sour service conditions exceeding the capabilities of the low-alloy steels of the time. From early naval propeller shaft applications togeneral cross-industrial uses, Alloy K-500 has always been considered a corrosion-resistant alloy, or CRA. For instance, it has been included in the NACE MR1075 document right from the first 1975 edition.
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Natural gas pipelines are subject to internal corrosion. Internal corrosion of steel pipelines can cause natural gas leakage, leading to wasted energy, explosion hazards, and methane emissions. The U.S. Department of Transport reported numerous case histories of corrosion problems and failures in wet gas pipelines. The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) performed an incident survey from 2010 through 2018 and found that 112 (12%) of these incidents in the U.S. transmission lines were caused by internal corrosion.
During drilling operations, the components in the drill string including the bottom hole assembly (BHA) remains in permanent contact with the drilling fluid. Therefore, besides non-magnetic properties and high strength the corrosion resistance of the materials utilized for the BHA plays a decisive role specially in applications involving harsh environments. In fact, strain-hardened CrMn-austenitic steels commonly used in directional drilling technology show a high susceptibility to pitting corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking in drilling fluids with a high chloride (Cl-) content at elevated temperatures.