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Electroplating is a coating technique used to apply a metallic deposit to alter the properties of the substrate surface. Traditional electroplating involves submerging a part into a tank of electrolyte plating solution and passing a current between the part and an anode, any area that should not be plated must be masked off. Brush electroplating is a portable method of electroplating localized areas without the use of an immersion tank.
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Precipitation hardenable nickel alloys N09925, N07718, N09945, N09946 and N07725 provide high strength and excellent sour service corrosion resistance for critical downhole oilfield applications. This family of alloys achieves yield strength minimums ranging from 120 to 160 KSI (827-1103 MPa) and can withstand high temperatures and partial pressures of H2S. The primary strengthening mechanism is the formation of γ’ and γ” nanometer sized particles during an age hardening heat treatment.
Root cause analysis involves a detailed process of evidence collection, investigation of the evidence, subsequent analysis, and identification of corrective actions based on conclusions drawn from the evidence. The process when diagrammed out seems simple, however paramount to the process is identifying the problem or failure accurately. Misunderstanding the failure leads to misidentification of the root cause which in turn begets mitigation efforts that may or may not impactfully remediate the original failure.
During crack growth and localized corrosion, fresh metal surfaces become exposed to the chemical and electrochemical environment. Subsequent alteration of the material in the nascent pit or at the crack tip zone will be initiated by the surface chemical processes that template the subsequent reactivity. Quantum chemical calculations can provide a physics-based method to simulate the adsorption phenomena that occur in systems possessing multiple chemical species (such as water, chloride, hydrogen-sulfide, inhibitors, etc.), various pH levels, temperatures and electrochemical conditions.
The use of a multi-system approach to cathodic protection is primarily driven by the increasing complexity of the types of structures, which are part of the common cathode in modern plants.
Traditionally cathodic protection systems and their designs were based on single cathode structures like cross country pipelines or individual tanks. As the technology matured CP was applied to a wider range of structures but usually the design philosophies adopted remained unchanged.
Hexavalent chromium is utilized for the purpose of providing corrosion inhibition on many DoD assets in the form of surface treatments and primers. However, hexavalent chromium is also a known carcinogen and environmental toxin. As a result, processes which involve the application of hexavalent chromium will likely face increased regulation in the future.
Despite its volatility the petroleum industry is still one of the leading sectors in the world economy in terms of revenue and job creation. The global oil and gas market size reached $5,870.13 billion in 2021 and there is optimism that it will surpass that mark in 2025 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6%. To make this prediction possible it is important to ensure the continuous flow of oil and gas by implementing an efficient integrity management system to avoid pipeline failures.
A large part of the remaining natural gas reserves worldwide is sour, i.e. H2S-containing. Many oil and gas fields, especially in North America, Central Asia and the Middle East, are highly sour with an H2S fraction of several percent. Internal corrosion in sour environments is associated with a high risk of severe localized corrosion attacks.
The Hanford Nuclear Reservation contains radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes arising mostly from weapons production, beginning with World War II and continuing through the Cold War. The wastes are stored in 177 carbon steel underground storage tanks, of which 149 are single-shell tanks (SSTs) and the remaining are double-shell tanks (DSTs). The U.S. Department of Energy, Office of River Protection is responsible for retrieving the tank wastes, treating them in order to encapsulate them in glass logs, and then permanently closing the tanks and associated facilities.
Age-hardenable aluminum alloys are used for many aerospace applications, where high strength and low density are required. In service, these alloys must withstand both demanding mechanical loads and corrosive environmental conditions. For components made of these alloys, problems may occur when mechanical stresses are present with a corrosive environment.
In the rectification process of reinforced concrete structures, one of the primary considerations made is the selection of concrete repair methodology and repair products. The suitability of concrete repair products is determined by the structure’s function, and some of the main technical aspects which are considered include compressive strength, bond strength, shrinkage and expansion, tensile strength, chemical resistance, and flow characteristics.
The use of carbon steel pipelines lined or clad with corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) is increasing in the O&G industry. These pipelines combine the mechanical properties of carbon steel with the corrosion resistance of CRAs. Some CRAs such as AISI 316L (UNS 31603) are not pre-qualified according to ANSI/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 part 3. The potential for corrosion and cracking of carbon steel in some applications can require a CRA liner/clad layer to resist corrosion but this can introduce the possible risk of stress corrosion cracking of some CRAs.