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The Hanford Site stores over 50 million gallons (190 million liters) of legacy nuclear process waste that was generated from plutonium separations and waste management processes. This waste, in the form of supernatant liquids, saltcakes, and sludges is contained in large underground storage tanks, up to a million gallons (3.78 million liters) in capacity and lined with carbon steel. The waste was made highly alkaline to ensure passivation of the carbon steel, but it also contains nitrate, in high concentrations, along with fluoride and chloride that poses risks for stress corrosion cracking and pitting corrosion.
Legacy nuclear process waste is stored in 1,000 kgal (3,780 kL) capacity, underground, carbon steel, double-shell tanks on the Hanford Site. Many of these tanks contain a considerable quantity of settled solids under a nitrate-rich supernatant liquid, and the solids can have a large chemical diversity due to the receipt of waste from multiple plutonium separation and waste management processes over several decades of use. Therefore, knowing the chemical content through the entirety of the waste is critical to assessing the risk of corrosion. This challenge is further increased by the radiological risks imposed by the hazards of handling the waste during chemical characterization and testing. A tank waste sampling strategy has been developed to profile the chemical diversity in the storage tanks, and the subsequent samples are used to support corrosion testing for corrosion risk assessments of the tank bottom, liquid-to-air interface, and chemically unique waste layers. Additional information is obtained from a tank potential monitoring program to ensure the tank steel is below critical pitting and cracking potentials. Together, the corrosion testing and tank potentials are used to minimize corrosion risks, ensuring the integrity of the double-shell storage tanks is maintained on the Hanford Site.
Pre-salt carbonate reservoirs in the Santos Basin are a challenge for offshore well design andconstruction. Located under a salt layer of around 2000 m, they generate large amounts of carbon dioxide associated with oil and gas production. To avoid releasing millions of cubic meters of CO2 into the atmosphere, the gas is reinjected or used for artificial lift purposes, where its fraction can reach up to 80% of the total composition.
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Alloy K-500 (UNS N05500) is concomitantly a centurial material and the very first precipitation-strengthened nickel-based alloy, then developed in the 1920s by the newly-formed International Nickel Company, or Inco. Derived from Monel 400 (UNS N04400) that was invented in 1901, Alloy K-500 shares many of the same corrosion and tribological characteristics. Being a pioneer alloy with so-called “stain-less” characteristics, AlloyK-500 also established itself as the first high-strength oilfield nickel alloy, having survived sour service conditions exceeding the capabilities of the low-alloy steels of the time. From early naval propeller shaft applications togeneral cross-industrial uses, Alloy K-500 has always been considered a corrosion-resistant alloy, or CRA. For instance, it has been included in the NACE MR1075 document right from the first 1975 edition.
This paper addresses the relationship between hardness and environmental cracking resistance in nickel base alloys. The work here builds on the presentation made to AMPP’s SC08 Fall 2021 meeting on October 19th.