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This paper addresses the relationship between hardness and environmental cracking resistance in nickel base alloys. The work here builds on the presentation made to AMPP’s SC08 Fall 2021 meeting on October 19th.
The issue of hardness testing and nickel base alloys h s been a contentious topic in the oil and gas community. In this paper we present the uses of hardness testing with respect to nickel base alloys with examples of limitations and applications. As hardness has historically been seen as a factor for predicting environmental cracking resistance of nickel base alloys, a literature assessment of slow strain rate data is presented examining the potential for a relationship between the hardness and the alloy’s resistance to environmental cracking. More recent studies tried to access the mechanisms behind the environmental cracking issue and their results are reviewed.
The Hanford Site stores over 50 million gallons (190 million liters) of legacy nuclear process waste that was generated from plutonium separations and waste management processes. This waste, in the form of supernatant liquids, saltcakes, and sludges is contained in large underground storage tanks, up to a million gallons (3.78 million liters) in capacity and lined with carbon steel. The waste was made highly alkaline to ensure passivation of the carbon steel, but it also contains nitrate, in high concentrations, along with fluoride and chloride that poses risks for stress corrosion cracking and pitting corrosion.
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Pre-salt carbonate reservoirs in the Santos Basin are a challenge for offshore well design andconstruction. Located under a salt layer of around 2000 m, they generate large amounts of carbon dioxide associated with oil and gas production. To avoid releasing millions of cubic meters of CO2 into the atmosphere, the gas is reinjected or used for artificial lift purposes, where its fraction can reach up to 80% of the total composition.
This paper will identify and document how these different factors affect the susceptibility of austenitic stainless steel to Chloride-Stress Corrosion cracking based on a review of currently available literature. A review of current industry best practices and a review of how the Oxygen content, the pH and application of stress relief affects Chloride-Stress Corrosion Cracking will be documented and presented.