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Typical austenitic stainless steels like 316L (S31603) contain chromium, nickel, and, optionally, molybdenum as major alloying elements. These are required to provide their beneficial properties, which include e.g. very high corrosion resistance and high ductility and toughness, yet showing comparably low strength and hardness. General corrosion resistance is primarily achieved by the element chromium, which causes formation of a thin but dense chromium oxide layer on the surface, when the amount of chromium dissolved in the metallic matrix is larger than approximately 10.5 wt%.
Stainless austenitic steels are widely applied in the field of classic mechanical engineering. An important representative of these grades is the material 316L (S31603), which is well established as a standard steel in Additive Manufacturing (AM). Typical austenitic stainless steels contain some main alloying elements, which are described in the following: The formation of an austenitic microstructure is achieved by nickel (Ni). The addition of chromium (Cr) lead to the corrosion resistance of these materials. For resistance to localized corrosion, molybdenum (Mo) can be added. However, this requires full dissolution of Cr and Mo in the steel matrix. As a consequence, stainless austenites usually exhibit very low carbon and nitrogen contents to prevent chromium carbides and nitrides. But, both alloying elements cannot be classified as being detrimental in stainless austenites in general. In contrast, C and N can also be used to improve mechanical and corrosion resistance.
The overall goal was to determine if a set of additive manufacturing (AM) parts could comply with the testing requirements of wrought or welded materials for sour service as outlined in NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156-3:2015. Recommendations for a qualification pathway for AM parts in sour service are included.
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AM brings significant benefits in better performance, inventory management, and lifecycle cost reduction to the Oil & Gas industry. Both manufacturers and users are working towards AM qualification and standardization in order to realize and sustain these benefits. Starting at the product level, the goal is to ensure the product is sound in its form, fit, and function, and free from macroscopic (surface, sub-surface, internal) anomalies deleterious to its performance. Product qualification is supported by a foundational metallurgical or AM material qualification.1
The External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) is formally listed as an acceptable integrity assessment method within Subpart O, Part 192 of the code of federal regulations regarding gas transmission pipeline integrity management2. It is a 4 step continuous improvement process to identify and address locations where external corrosion activity has occurred, is occurring or may occur1. In the pre-assessment phase, a comprehensive right-of-way inspection is performed, and pipeline operability data is collected to verify the feasibility of conducting a full ECDA for the pipeline under evaluation. In the indirect inspection phase, the status of cathodic protection and pipeline coating is tested using methods such as Close Interval Potential Surveys (CIPS) and Direct Current Voltage Gradient (DCVG) surveys.