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AM brings significant benefits in better performance, inventory management, and lifecycle cost reduction to the Oil & Gas industry. Both manufacturers and users are working towards AM qualification and standardization in order to realize and sustain these benefits. Starting at the product level, the goal is to ensure the product is sound in its form, fit, and function, and free from macroscopic (surface, sub-surface, internal) anomalies deleterious to its performance. Product qualification is supported by a foundational metallurgical or AM material qualification.1
Additive manufacturing (AM), specifically Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), brings benefits to the Oil & Gas industry in the areas of better performance, inventory management, and cost reduction. However, selection of AM alloy UNS(1) N07718 (AM 718) face uncertain material capabilities for critical applications such as sour service, when compared to its wrought counterpart specified in API(2) 6ACRA (oilfield 718). This study reveals that AM 718 of modified solution treatment combined with standard API 6ACRA age hardening are capable of meeting the yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and hardness requirements of API 6ACRA, with reduction of area of only 120K condition below the spec limit. AM 718 of modified solution treatment and API 6ACRA 120K age hardening shows resistance to environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) equivalent to oilfield 718 in slow strain rate (SSR) test per NACE TM0198-2020 at 300°F (149°C) in H2S-containing environment. The performance of AM 718 does not appear to be influenced by the powder conditions investigated. Results of this study provides data-supported clarity to the selection of AM 718 material conditions and production routes for Oil & Gas application and the H2Sservice qualification.
Alloy UNS N07718 (hereafter abbreviated as 718) is one of the most versatile precipitation-hardened nickel-based corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) used for both surface and sub-sea components in oil and gas production service. API 6ACRA1 provides heat treatment windows and acceptance criteria for 718 in these oil and gas production environments, in which the heat treatment is intended to obtain high strength and to minimize the formation of δ-phase at grain boundaries. As pointed out in NACE MR0175 Part 32 (Table 1), field failures of 718 components in sour service are primarily related to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) at elevated temperatures and hydrogen embrittlement in the lower temperature range. The latter is specifically called galvanically induced hydrogen stress cracking (GHSC or GIHSC), which is typically caused by atomic hydrogen uptake from galvanic corrosion or cathodic protection (CP) when 718 is used with steel components in a seawater environment. CP is normally used to protect steel component from corrosion in subsea environments.
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Cemented carbides have been widely used to make parts for wear applications due to the excellent combination of hardness and toughness. Cemented carbides represent a group of composite materials containing hard metal carbides, such as tungsten carbide (WC), bonded by ductile metallic binder agents, such as cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), or iron (Fe).1 By varying WC grain size, weight fraction of metallic binder, and processing parameters, a wider range of microstructure and mechanical properties can be achieved.
Among the many additive manufacturing processes, Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has recently been drawing interest due to its great and attractive prospect for fabrication of large parts, the possibility to process a vast range of materials in form of welding wires, and the addition of further details to semi-finished components [1]. However, most of the research have currently focused on optimization of the WAAM process parameters and analysis of the resulting thermal and residual stresses [2]. Unlike conventional manufacturing processes, WAAM process and post-processing treatments result in unique microstructures and material surfaces that alter the corrosion performance of the materials but are not fully studied or understood yet.