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In all nuclear power generating countries, high-activity, long-lived radioactive waste is an unavoidable by-product of the contribution of this energy to the global electricity generation. Disposal in deep, stable geological formations is, at present, the most promising option accepted at an international level for the long-term management of these wastes. Geological disposal relies on a combination of engineered (man-made) barriers and a natural barrier (the host rock), in order to prevent radionuclides and other contaminants ever reaching concentrations outside the container at which they could present an unacceptable risk for people and the environment.
The supercontainer is the current reference concept for the geological disposal of vitrified high-level radioactive waste and spent fuel in Belgium. It comprises a prefabricated concrete buffer that completely surrounds a carbon steel overpack. Welding is being considered as a final closure technique of the carbon steel overpack in order to ensure its water tightness. Welding is known to induce residual stresses in the weld zone and its vicinity, which may lead to an increased susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). In this study, slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were conducted to study the SCC behavior of plain and welded UNS K02700 grade carbon steel exposed to an artificial concrete pore water solution that is representative for the supercontainer concrete buffer environment. The tests were performed at 140 °C, at a constant strain rate of 5×10-7 s-1 and at open circuit potential under anoxic conditions. The effect of chloride on the SCC behavior was investigated up to levels of ~1 M Cl- (35,000 mgꞏL-1).
The Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission (PVSC) in Newark, New Jersey is one of the most extensive modern wastewater facilities in the Eastern United States and is the sixth largest in the country. Established in 1902, PVSC began operating the Newark Bay Treatment Plant in 1924 to mitigate pollution in the Passaic River. The sprawling facility contains miles of access roads, utility tunnels, sewers, storm drains, and process pipes.
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Development of this strategy began after a steel pipeline, coated with Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE), was constructed in a collocated right-of-way (ROW) with a high voltage direct current (HVDC) Powerline. Area Cathodic Protection (CP) Technicians reported challenges in recording stable DC Pipe-to-Soil (P/S) Potentials due to rapid fluctuations observed in the DC waveform. In addition, CP technicians recorded DC line current concurrently with P/S potentials and found that there was a correlation between the two.
A large-scale refinery is being set up in Africa. The refinery includes the construction of tank farms consisting of 150+ above ground storage tanks with diameter varying from 4.1m to 92m for the storge of crude oil, intermediate and products. Tanks are constructed on various types of tank foundations such as Ring beam foundation, sand pad foundation with fire bricks and without fire bricks.