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SINTEF (a Norwegian research Co.) made studies of the sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of super 13Cr martensitic stainless steels. These tests are summarised in this paper. Both slow strain rate (SSR), 4-point-bend and fracture mechanics testing have been conducted. The effect of temperature, cathodic protection (CP), applied potential, strain rate and H2S were investigated.
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In the oil and gas industry, solid metal equipment such as pipelines, pressure vessels, heat exchangers and valves are susceptible to surface cracks and discontinuities attributed to cyclic loading, process environment and severe operating conditions. These anomalies affect the safety, structural functionality, reliability, integrity and life cycle of the equipment. They could lead to catastrophic incidents if not detected timely, evaluated, monitored and properly repaired.
Food consists mainly of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Processed foods contain diverse aqueous solutions, syrups, and additives, used to improve food appearance, taste, quality and preservation. They have a wide pH range, components such as, salt, water, and vinegar impact food corrosivity.
In oil & gas industry, solid metal equipment such as pipelines, pressure vessels, heat exchangers and valves are susceptible to surface and sub-surface cracks and discontinuities attributed to cyclic loading and severe operating conditions. These anomalies affect the safety, structural functionality, reliability, integrity and life cycle of the equipment and if not detected timely, they could lead to catastrophic incidents. Consequently, this gave rise to the importance of different Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods and their abilities to detect and characterize surface discontinuity providing useful information to the structural integrity assessment.
In all nuclear power generating countries, high-activity, long-lived radioactive waste is an unavoidable by-product of the contribution of this energy to the global electricity generation. Disposal in deep, stable geological formations is, at present, the most promising option accepted at an international level for the long-term management of these wastes. Geological disposal relies on a combination of engineered (man-made) barriers and a natural barrier (the host rock), in order to prevent radionuclides and other contaminants ever reaching concentrations outside the container at which they could present an unacceptable risk for people and the environment.
This paper focuses on the risk of corrosion of austenitic stainless steels following exposure to oxygenated chloride containing waters, such as during hydrotesting or commissioning activities.
Hydrotesting is an activity typically occurring during construction intended to confirm the component's structural integrity for the design and operating pressure. The commissioning phase can use the same water in multiple systems for dynamic commissioning.
Requisitos materiales para resistencia a tensofisuación por sulfuros (SSC) de soldaduras y microestructuras en ambientes con H2S húmedo ("sour environments").
HISTORICAL DOCUMENT.
This standard is intended for use by those specifying and installing thin metallic linings (nickel alloy, stainless steel, and titanium) in air pollution control and other process equipment subject to corrosive conditions.
A weld hardness limitation to prevent in-service cracking of welds on P-1 steel equipment used in the refining industry. Factors related to such cracking: Corrosive environment. Hardness. Total stress. Historical Document 1976
Guidelines to prevent in-service cracking of welds on P-1 steel equipment….factors… (1) corrosive environment, (2) hardness, and (3) total stress. Historical Document 1987
Guidelines to prevent environmental cracking of weldments in carbon steel refinery equipment and piping. Welding processes: SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, GTAW and SAW.