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CO2 and the Partial Pressure Bandit

CO2 and the Partial Pressure Bandit
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Pressurized Atlas Cell Testing is commonly understood to be an aggressive accelerated test for lining systems due the combination of pressure, temperature and a thermal gradient across the coating film known as the Cold Wall Effect. This is especially true when Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is added to the gas phase, as CO2 is miscible with oil and soluble in water. A familiar gas mix of 5% CO2, 5% Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), and 90% Methane (CH4) are used in test protocols to simulate head space conditions of tanks and pressure vessels in oil and gas production conditions. 

Product Number: 41216-984-SG
Author: James McDonald, Michael Harrison, Douglas Mittlesteadt
Publication Date: 2016
Industries: Coatings , Coatings and Linings
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$20.00
$20.00

Pressurized Atlas Cell Testing is commonly understood to be an aggressive accelerated test for lining systems due the combination of pressure, temperature and a thermal gradient across the coating film known as the Cold Wall Effect. This is especially true when Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is added to the gas phase, as CO2 is miscible with oil and soluble in water. A familiar gas mix of 5% CO2, 5% Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), and 90% Methane (CH4) are used in test protocols to simulate head space conditions of tanks and pressure vessels in oil and gas production conditions. The temperature and pressure conditions in these protocols are adjusted to match field conditions as closely as possible. Results can seem inconsistent between tests when the same gas mixtures are used with varying temperatures and pressures. The authors believe that there is a connection between the test pressure and the percentage of CO2, also described as partial pressure, and the failure of coatings by blistering, often understood as Cold Wall Effect blistering. The goal of this research is to identify correlations between the amount of CO2 used in testing and the blistering of epoxy coatings in Oil & Gas service, particularly tank and vessel linings.

Pressurized Atlas Cell Testing is commonly understood to be an aggressive accelerated test for lining systems due the combination of pressure, temperature and a thermal gradient across the coating film known as the Cold Wall Effect. This is especially true when Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is added to the gas phase, as CO2 is miscible with oil and soluble in water. A familiar gas mix of 5% CO2, 5% Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), and 90% Methane (CH4) are used in test protocols to simulate head space conditions of tanks and pressure vessels in oil and gas production conditions. The temperature and pressure conditions in these protocols are adjusted to match field conditions as closely as possible. Results can seem inconsistent between tests when the same gas mixtures are used with varying temperatures and pressures. The authors believe that there is a connection between the test pressure and the percentage of CO2, also described as partial pressure, and the failure of coatings by blistering, often understood as Cold Wall Effect blistering. The goal of this research is to identify correlations between the amount of CO2 used in testing and the blistering of epoxy coatings in Oil & Gas service, particularly tank and vessel linings.

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The corrosion mechanism of X65 carbon steel was evaluated in water environment by increasing CO2 partial pressure from 1 bar at 24 °C to 110 bar at 40 °C, reaching conditions that include water saturated with supercritical CO2.
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Traditional internal lining schemes for the storage/transport of crude oil & refined fuels may no longer be appropriate. The aggressive nature of crude oil (high temp. & more sour), high purity refined products & increased use of biofuels demand better linings & more certain test results. The focus of this paper is to review the trends in test methodology from the early 1990’s to present.
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Experiments were carried out in a 7.5L autoclave with two combinations of CO2 partial pressure and temperature and different H2S concentrations. Corrosion behavior of specimens was evaluated using electrochemical measurements and surface analytical techniques.
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