Carbon capture and storage (CCS) represents to traditional industrial emitters a critical transitional technology to globally manage greenhouse gas emission, meet the latest carbon net-zero ambitions, and continue the commercial use of fossil fuels. In CCS, anthropogenic CO2 is captured near emission, treated, compressed, transported (usually by steel pipelines), injected underground through casings, tubings, and completion equipment, and finally permanently stored into saline formations, aquifers, depleted (abandoned) reservoirs, or un-mineable coal seams. [1] Depending upon emitters, the injected CO2 is either near or in a dense state (i.e., indistinctly including a supercritical phase and potentially liquids) having various impurities.