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The Wafra Joint Operation (WJO) Oilfield is located in the central-west part of the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone. The Wafra oilfield reserves were first discovered and wells drilled in 1953 and production in commercial quantities began in 1954. This field produces two types of crude oil, Ratawi (light oil) and Eocene (heavy oil), with average water cut of 80-85%. During operation, the production wells produce the oil emulsion through mostly coated flowlines to sub-centres (SC) where the sour oil, water and gas are separated. The facility has two gathering fields: Eocene and Ratawi. Eocene has 2 phase separation, whilst Ratawi has 3 phase separation.
The abrupt shutdown of the Wafra Joint Operations (WJO) production facilities led to a deviation from normal shutdown standard operating procedures such as draining and purging of the corrosive production fluids. Consequently, the ensuing deterioration, as a result of corrosion and other associated damage mechanisms, is bound to increase the integrity threats to JO equipment and therefore, negatively impact the restart of operation. The main anticipated damage mechanisms such as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and under deposit corrosion (UDC) are likely to manifest in the form of pinhole leaks, leading to increased incidence of loss of containment and subsequent negative Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) consequences. This paper explores different mitigations that were utilized in maintaining the integrity of the JO equipment, including chemical preservation, the use of risk based assessment for the optimization of the chemical preservation methodology and subsequently, the use of enhanced preservation as a long-term preservation approach.
Over the past two decades, bio-based fuel-grade ethanols (BFGEs), derived from a variety of agriculture feedstocks (e.g., corn, sugar cane, soybean oil, and sugar beet), are increasingly being used as a renewable energy source to reduce the dependence of fossil fuels for motor vehicle applications. One cost-effective and environmentally benign way to transport BFGEs is through steel transmission pipelines. However, cases of environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) in the transportation of BFGEs have been documented including some in pipelines.
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This production asset located in the deep-water offshore Brazil, producing heavy oil in the range of 16 to 24 oAPI. Mudline caisson separators with electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) are used to process fluids from multiple wells and boost them to the receiving floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) vessel(1). There are significant flow-assurance and corrosion challenges in operating the asset. One of the challenges is the production fields have limited subsea umbilical, necessitate the use ofmultifunctional products to maintain the field’s integrity and mitigate any flow assurance and scale issues.
In the rectification process of reinforced concrete structures, one of the primary considerations made is the selection of concrete repair methodology and repair products. The suitability of concrete repair products is determined by the structure’s function, and some of the main technical aspects which are considered include compressive strength, bond strength, shrinkage and expansion, tensile strength, chemical resistance, and flow characteristics.