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Pre-salt carbonate reservoirs in the Santos Basin are a challenge for offshore well design andconstruction. Located under a salt layer of around 2000 m, they generate large amounts of carbon dioxide associated with oil and gas production. To avoid releasing millions of cubic meters of CO2 into the atmosphere, the gas is reinjected or used for artificial lift purposes, where its fraction can reach up to 80% of the total composition.
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The use of carbon steel pipelines lined or clad with corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) is increasing in the O&G industry. These pipelines combine the mechanical properties of carbon steel with the corrosion resistance of CRAs. Some CRAs such as AISI 316L (UNS 31603) are not pre-qualified according to ANSI/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 part 3. The potential for corrosion and cracking of carbon steel in some applications can require a CRA liner/clad layer to resist corrosion but this can introduce the possible risk of stress corrosion cracking of some CRAs.
High strength carbon steel tensile wires confined in the annulus of flexible pipes might experience corrosion when the annulus is flooded with water, either due to outer sheath breaches or to condensation of water molecules permeating from the bore through the inner sheath. Carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules may also permeate from the bore and reach the annulus, where it dissolves into water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3).
This test method gives procedures to measure the effect on elastomeric materials subjected to rapid depressurization from elevated pressures in dry carbon dioxide environments…Historical Document 1992
The effect on elastomeric vucanites subjected to rapid depressurization from elevated pressures in dry carbon dioxide environments. For testing O-rings, etc. Procedures, equipment, testing & reporting.
This test method gives procedures to measure the effect on elastomeric materials subjected to rapid depressurization from elevated pressures in dry carbon dioxide environments…Historical Document 1998
Test method for carbon dioxide (CO2) at hyperbaric pressures and temperatures at or above 50°C (122°F). A tool for evaluation of elastomeric materials in CO2 environments. Task Group 483.
Procedures to measure the effect on elastomeric materials subjected to rapid depressurization from elevated pressures and temperatures of 50°C (122°F) or greater in dry CO2 environments…Historical Document 1997
Duplex Coating systems refers to the application of a protective coating system (liquid or powder) over hot-dipped galvanized steel. These systems are often specified and are considered very robust in a wide variety of corrosive environments.
The US Environmental Protection Agency defines "Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)" in 40 CFR 51.100(s) as “any compound of carbon, excluding carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, and ammonium carbonate, which participates in atmospheric photochemical reactions.”