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Recently, as environmental regulations have become more severe, the demand for electric vehicles (EV) has increased In the EV system, previously mechanically controlled parts become electrically operated. Accordingly, stable electrical connection between the parts using a wiring harness is becoming more important for reliable operation of the EV. Tinned Cu, whose resistance to both corrosion and wear is excellent, is widely used for wire and terminal for wiring harnesses.
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Pipelines are subjected to Hydrostatic testing during construction and maintenance. The Hydrostatic test validates the pipeline integrity by ensuring that the pipeline can sustain the operating pressure. Hydrostatic tests can expose any anomalies present in the pipe that may result in failures at or a fraction above the operating pressure.
Low alloyed carbon steels are the most used materials for infrastructure, energy, transportation and other industries and assets. Depending on the environment, carbon steel will corrode when exposed to atmospheric conditions. In order to prevent atmospheric corrosion of the mentioned materials, corrosion protective coatings are used.
New inventions imply that these also should be implemented into relevant standards. Sometimes also minor modifications in the standard setup of the existing procedures are needed. For duplex stainless steels one of the most important aspects is if a correct final solution annealing has been performed giving the material proper properties.
Two component Epoxy polymer systems have been used as the basis for high performance protective coating systems since the 1950s. Numerous Epoxy resin types and ambient condition curing agents are available today which allow great flexibility in the formulation of coating products. This has led to the development of a wide range of applications ranging from simple anticorrosive systems to high performance heat and chemical resistant coatings and linings.
Various corrosion prediction tools for COâ‚‚/Hâ‚‚S corrosion have been developed in the past thirty years. For corrosion analysis in oil and gas production, the water chemistry largely determines the corrosion rate which is mainly driven by in-situ pH.
The in-situ water or brine is pressurized with acid gases (COâ‚‚/Hâ‚‚S) which results in a decrease in pH and typically an increase in the corrosion rate.
The H2S concentration in produced fluids sometimes increases with time due to the phenomenon known as reservoir souring. This increase in H2S poses an integrity threat to downhole and topside oil and gas production facilities due to its impact in corrosion and environmental cracking susceptibility. Its concentration in natural gas is also limited to very low levels due to sales specifications.
This paper addresses the relationship between hardness and environmental cracking resistance in nickel base alloys. The work here builds on the presentation made to AMPP’s SC08 Fall 2021 meeting on October 19th.
Human safety is at the forefront of industrial concerns, with manufacturers needing to comply with multiple standards globally and regionally. One such concern is ensuring that those working in close contact with surfaces of elevated temperature are protected against injury and burns. You will find that many will reference the fact that the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a limit of safe temperature for skin contact at 140°F (60°C) and state that these limits were set since no damage would occur during five seconds of exposure.
Nitrogen or nitrogen-containing gases are widely used or present in industry. Some industry processes utilize nitrogen gas or nitrogen-rich atmosphere to produce specific products at high temperatures, such as use of nitrogen gas (N2) to protect components from oxidation in heat treating or sintering operations and the use of ammonia (NH3) for nitriding purpose during alloy heat-treatment. In the chemical processing industry, ammonia is produced from the reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen with a catalyst under high temperature and pressure conditions. With the presence of nitrogen in these processes, nitrogen molecules can react with alloying elements to form nitrides. In other applications, nitrogen also exists in many combustion processes that use air in the fuel mixture.
Corrosion and corrosion inhibitor qualification testing has been the subject of many publications over the years, with various guidelines and in-house protocols produced. This has led to a rather large set of test approaches for the qualification of corrosion inhibitors (CIs) for application in oil and gas production facilities.
For challenging conditions, including severe downhole conditions, final testing is often performed via specialized autoclaves or high-pressure flow loops to allow tests to be conducted under conditions as close to those pertaining in the field: T, P, pCO2 and pH2S (or more realistically, fugacity of CO2 and H2S), and as close as can be achieved to the field hydrodynamics.
The case history will discuss HDD methodology and challenges. With all the benefits of HDD comes the disadvantages especially from pipeline maintenance, corrosion control and integrity management. HDD can impose additional strain on the pipeline during the pull through process and can increase both installation stress and operational stress. HDD installed pipeline crossings are deep and could easily become low points for liquid hold up causing flow issues.