Server maintenance is scheduled for Saturday, December 21st between 6am-10am CST.
During that time, parts of our website will be affected until maintenance is completed. Thank you for your patience.
Use GIVING24 at checkout to save 20% on eCourses and books (some exclusions apply)!
AC interference studies are complex and require complex analysis methods to accurately evaluate theseprojects. Sag is a variable that affects each of these projects to varying degrees, but many tools arechallenged to consider the catenary curve of the phase conductors. Sharing common engineeringmethodologies for approximating the sag and comparing these to more accurate catenary curves guideengineers where simplification of the sag may result in significant analysis errors, and scenarios wheresimplification may be acceptable.
We are unable to complete this action. Please try again at a later time.
If this error continues to occur, please contact AMPP Customer Support for assistance.
Error Message:
Please login to use Standards Credits*
* AMPP Members receive Standards Credits in order to redeem eligible Standards and Reports in the Store
You are not a Member.
AMPP Members enjoy many benefits, including Standards Credits which can be used to redeem eligible Standards and Reports in the Store.
You can visit the Membership Page to learn about the benefits of membership.
You have previously purchased this item.
Go to Downloadable Products in your AMPP Store profile to find this item.
You do not have sufficient Standards Credits to claim this item.
Click on 'ADD TO CART' to purchase this item.
Your Standards Credit(s)
1
Remaining Credits
0
Please review your transaction.
Click on 'REDEEM' to use your Standards Credits to claim this item.
You have successfully redeemed:
Go to Downloadable Products in your AMPP Store Profile to find and download this item.
Excavation damage is a recognized threat to pipeline integrity when external human activity contacts the pipe body creating a change in shape (i.e., dent, ovality) or wall thickness (i.e., gouge). Industry standards provide similar, but slightly different variations on this definition:
• ASME2 B31.8S (1) Section A-8: “Third party damage is defined in this context as third-party inflicted damage with immediate failure, vandalism, and previously damage pipe.”
• API3 RP 1160 (2) Annex A.9: “This threat arises from excavation, drilling, boring, farming, or other soil moving or removal activities where the mechanical equipment being used comes in contact with a buried pipeline causing it to leak or rupture.”
• CSA4 Z662:19 (3) Annex H: “Third party: Inadvertent external interference by a person or group of people other than the operating company and its employees and contractors.”
To reduce maintenance costs while maintaining safety, different corrosion mitigation strategies have been utilized. In addition to new structural materials and advanced protective coatings, improved maintenance planning approaches, including Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) approaches, have seen growing use over the past decade. One goal of any Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) effort is to use all available on-aircraft data as well as field and depot-based maintenance information to align resources in a timely manner to ensure aircraft safety while reducing maintenance and repair costs.
A significant portion of global energy demand is met using coal. Even with developing interest in other energy sources, use of coal to generate electricity is expected to remain steady due to overall rising global electricity needs. Most applications for coal combustion electricity generation utilize pulverized coal (PC) as the fuel.
In the oil and gas industry, solid particle erosion is a common challenge in pipelines, flowlines, and fitting components such as elbows. Elbows have been widely used to change the flow direction in industrial flowlines. When erosion occurs due to the impact of solid particles, it leads to significant financial and environmental threats.
Solid particle erosion is a significant challenge for the oil and gas industry, especially on pipeline fittings such as the elbow that change the flow direction. In the past few decades, most of the erosion investigations were done on standard elbows experimentally or numerically using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology. For example, Othayq et al. investigated two standard elbows in a series of 3-inch (76.2 mm) pipe diameters in gas-solid flow.
Hydrogen as a promising alternative energy source that is forecasted to potentially transform future power generation toward new-zero. However, its widespread adoption has proven challenging owing to difficulties around storage, transportation, and usage due to catastrophic failures i.e. hydrogen embrittlement (HE). This is particularly severe for high-strength structural steel that must be designed against fatal fractures; it is also relevant to parts that are not designed for hydrogen exposure due to the prevention of accidental spill or leakage.
Pipeline leak detection is emerging as a prime focus of PHMSA and other regulatory agencies in the United States as well as jurisdictions all over the world. The immense volume of buried pipelines and the fact that much of this buried infrastructure is over forty years old1 combine to present increasing risk of leaks with potentially catastrophic results. During the twenty-year timespan from 2002 through 2021, in the United States alone, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) recorded 42 hazardous liquids incidents resulting in 35 fatalities, 80 injuries, and over 147,000 barrels spilled. In many cases the environmental and human health and safety costs could have been reduced if the leaks were detected much earlier.
Up until the 1940s, typical furnace tube materials consisted of wrought chromium steels and austenitic stainless steels. But the low carbon content led to increased creep.
This case study highlights the challenges facing designers of equipment required to operate in geothermal environments. It describes the failure of a non-condensable gas extraction pump at the Nga Awa Purua Power Station (NAP) which has a capacity of 140 MW. The station is located near Taupo in the North Island of New Zealand (Figure 1) and was commissioned in 2010.
A Sulfuric Acid Alkylation [SAA] unit in a refinery converts olefins and butane to high octane alkylate using highly concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The function of this Sulfuric Acid Regeneration [SAR] unit is to regenerate spent sulfuric acid from alkylation process into clean sulfuric acid of 99.2% concentration, which is then recycled back into the SAA unit. The process of SAR can be classified in to following four steps:
• Formation of SO2 by the decomposition of Spent acid and combustion of H2S.• Cooling and Purification of the SO2• Conversion of SO2 to SO3• Absorption of SO2 in H2SO4
About a month after commissioning, a decrease in pH of the cooling water in the plant was observed. This meant that CO2 has leaked into the cooling water in one of the coolers. Two months after commissioning, about 15% of tubes in one cooler downstream of the reactor were plugged after inspection results showed that they have leaked.