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New inventions imply that these also should be implemented into relevant standards. Sometimes also minor modifications in the standard setup of the existing procedures are needed. For duplex stainless steels one of the most important aspects is if a correct final solution annealing has been performed giving the material proper properties.
For both high and low alloyed duplex stainless steels there is a need for methods verifying that the final solution annealing has been adequate not creating detrimental levels of precipitates. The standards ASTM A923(1) and ASTM A1084(2) that provide methods for detecting detrimental phases serve well for this purpose. The duplex steel UNS S82441 is a fairly new duplex stainless steel with somewhat leaner alloying composition than the most common grade type 2205 and should be fitted in either of the two standards. It has earlier been shown that ASTM A923, which focuses on detection of detrimental levels of intermetallic phases for the higher alloyed duplex steels, fits the purpose best. The process has now also started and this paper will summarize the inclusion.
Studies for sensitized material of S82441 has shown that only a minor modification of the corrosion criteria for 2205 type duplex (S31803, S32205) in ASTM A923 is appropriate for inclusion into the standard. It was suggested that criteria in ASTM A923 for methods A (metallography) and B (impact toughness) also can be advised for S82441. For method C (corrosion) the testing temperature was proposed to be lowered to 15°C.Welds have also been explored as the behavior of welded joints is of great interest for users. For welds it is however recommended, due to relatively big scatter in data, that criteria and usage of the methods should be agreed upon by supplier and purchaser.In this paper earlier results are reviewed and summarized and reasons for inclusion are presented and discussed. It should be mentioned that also other standards include detection of detrimental phases, the ISO 17781(3) being one.
The production of heavy oil or bitumen depends upon continuous steam injection to fluidize the oil in the formation. Most of the boilers used in steam generation to enhance oil production are gas-powered once-through-steam-generation (OTSG), because OTSG’s can tolerate hard water and are relatively easy to maintain. Since an approximate 80% of feedwater is vaporized in a single pass, silica/silicate scales could form in the OTSG boiler if the silica content in the feedwater is not well controlled.
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Scaling is an important factor affecting oilfield production. The main reasons for scale formation are usually either the mixing of incompatible waters in production flow systems, for example, a formation of brine and seawater injected for maintaining downhole pressure, or changing thereservoir conditions such as temperature, pressure, and brine pH, among others1,2. Carbonate scaling is dependent upon the equilibrium between bicarbonate, carbonate, and carbon dioxide relative to changes in the temperature and pressure3,4. Scale can deposit on almost any surface,so that, once a scale layer is formed, it will continue to become thicker unless treated. Scale can block pore throats in the near-well bore region or in the well itself, causing formation damage and loss of well productivity.
This paper presents work in follow-up to the previous study. It is focused on UNS1 N07718, UNS N09925, UNS N07725 and UNS N09946. A series of incremental step load tests of compact tensile specimens were conducted to measure the fracture toughness during testing and cracking was monitored by the Electric Crack Growth Monitoring technique. A new engineering technique, referred to as statistical fractography, was used to investigate the fracture surface morphology and extract from it the fracture properties of the alloys.