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Mineral scale deposition resulting from waterflooding processes and chemical treatment operations is one of the common issues in upstream oil and gas production. It can lead to significant flow assurance problems as scaling in the reservoirs, wellbores, well casings, oil pipelines, and other production facilities may cause considerable equipment damage and production loss while interfering with corrosion management. Scale usually deposits as a combination of different mineral phases due to the changes in solution conditions such as the saturation level, temperature, pressure, and pH.
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Back in 2018, we published a paper on a joint industrial R&D project, during which we performed detailed field measurements on selected pipeline segments in close vicinity to a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission line during planned staged fault tests on the power line. Induced voltages on these pipelines were recorded during the HVDC staged fault process, which was conducted by the utility company. The measurement results from these tests were used for further validation or modification of an existing industrial guideline that focuses on the influence of HVDC power lines on metallic pipelines. Verification of future modeling results was another expected outcome of this study.
Multi-principle element alloys (MPEAs) represent a new alloy development philosophy, where the base alloy has significant atom fractions of several elements. Among MPEAs, high entropy alloys (HEAs) are defined as alloys containing 5 or more principle elements. In 2004 Cantor et al. introduced Fe20Co20Cr-20Ni20Mn20 (H4Mn20), a 5-element equimolar HEA. It was found that this alloy formed a single FCC solid solution and solidified dendritically.
Since geothermal reservoirs are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, service conditions in geothermal facilities are demanding in many cases in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities.
In oil and gas industry, during the transportation of wet gas with a stratified flow regime, the temperature difference between the fluid inside the pipelines and the surrounding environment leads to condensation of water on the upper internal surface and causes metal degradation. This phenomenon is known as Top-of-the-Line Corrosion or TLC.
The condensing phases can consist of not only water but also condensable hydrocarbons.
External post-tensioned tendons are used in segmental precast box girder bridge construction to hold segments together and prevent service cracking. The tendons consist of multiple 7-wire prestressing strands contained within a high-density Polyethylene (HDPE) duct located within the inner opening of the box girders. They run continuously through deviator blocks, which helps form the profile of the tendon.
Corrosion inhibitors are used for carbon steel pipelines in the oil and gas industry. Based on currentunderstanding, the inhibitor molecules mitigate corrosion through adsorption to the internal surface ofthe pipeline, forming a barrier film that impedes electrochemical corrosion reactions at the metalsurface. Micellization is a key factor of the surfactant distributions.
CO2 captured from different sources for carbon capture and storage (CCS) will contain impurities. Although it is technologically possible to treat CO2 to near 100% purity in the gas conditioning process, it is preferable to have fewer rigid specifications to reduce both operational and capital costs. From a corrosion point of view, SOx, NOx, H2S, and O2 are considered to be the most aggressive impurities.
Bio-oils are renewable and clean energy sources, which can be used to partial or completely replace fossil fuel. Fast pyrolysis is a promising and by far the only industrially realized approach to convert dry biomass into biofuels, particularly the liquid bio-oils. However, the poor quality of fast pyrolysis oil including thermal instability, high viscosity and acidity, high oxygen and water content, and low heating value makes it hard to be directly used as transportation fuels.
Use of corrosion inhibitors (CI) to protect metallic equipment, especially carbon steel pipelines from corrosion has long been an established, effective, economic, and hence globally accepted technique. The oil and gas industry has been using CIs to protect the pipelines under various exposure conditions including sour and sweet services . Complete understanding of corrosion mechanisms under sour conditions and protecting pipeline steel under such conditions has always been a challenging task due to the complexity of such systems.
Nickel base alloys with high chromium and molybdenum contents are very resistant to chloride-induced localized corrosion, even at relatively high temperatures. These alloys include the Ni-Cr-Mo(W) or “C” family of alloys and the novel Ni-Mo-Cr alloy HYBRID-BC1 (UNS N10362). Alloy 22 (UNS N06022) stands out due to its versatility: chromium and molybdenum contents were selected to optimize its corrosion behavior in oxidizing and reducing conditions. Alloy 625 (UNS N06625) has outstanding thermal ageing resistance and a longer in-service experience. The
The life-cycle of concrete structures used in waste water systems should consider all factors that might cause a structural system to perform unacceptably at any point during its lifetime. This includes the progressive and sustained loss of load capacity caused by operational or environmental factors. In general terms, deterioration can be defined as a loss of structural load capacity with time as a result of the action of external agents causing chemical attacks or material weakening due to these environmental interactions.