Server maintenance is scheduled for Saturday, December 21st between 6am-10am CST.
During that time, parts of our website will be affected until maintenance is completed. Thank you for your patience.
Use GIVING24 at checkout to save 20% on eCourses and books (some exclusions apply)!
This paper reviews the corrosion management for a critical sour gas pipeline operated by Saudi Aramco. The 38-inch diameter pipeline transports untreated sour gas from Crude Processing Facility (CPF) to downstream Gas Plant and spans a total distance of 145 km. To prevent internal corrosion inside the pipeline, the wet sour gas is dehydrated using Tri-Ethylene Glycol (TEG) unit.
We are unable to complete this action. Please try again at a later time.
If this error continues to occur, please contact AMPP Customer Support for assistance.
Error Message:
Please login to use Standards Credits*
* AMPP Members receive Standards Credits in order to redeem eligible Standards and Reports in the Store
You are not a Member.
AMPP Members enjoy many benefits, including Standards Credits which can be used to redeem eligible Standards and Reports in the Store.
You can visit the Membership Page to learn about the benefits of membership.
You have previously purchased this item.
Go to Downloadable Products in your AMPP Store profile to find this item.
You do not have sufficient Standards Credits to claim this item.
Click on 'ADD TO CART' to purchase this item.
Your Standards Credit(s)
1
Remaining Credits
0
Please review your transaction.
Click on 'REDEEM' to use your Standards Credits to claim this item.
You have successfully redeemed:
Go to Downloadable Products in your AMPP Store Profile to find and download this item.
Before full decarburization can be achieved, the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) suggests an applicable way of combining CO2-producing processes with the carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) chain. Except for permanent CO2 storage, the economics and efficiency of CCUS processes can be further improved by utilizing the CO2 byproduct in other industry areas. One of the promising methods is to use the captured CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR).
In recent decades, the increasing demand of conventional fossil fuel-derived energy and products leads to excessive greenhouse gas emissions. The intensifying environmental awareness and lack of supply in fossil fuel resources has expedited research for finding sustainable, energy secured and environmental-friendly alternatives. Among all the sources, biomass such as wood chips, agricultural crops and wastes, municipal and animal wastes, and specially engineered aquatic plants are commonly considered as potential sources to replace fossil fuels or chemical feedstocks.
In the literature, corrosion problems associated with crude oil are often categorized into several classes, based on the type of equipment and “distance” from a well. The upstream operations (drilling, pumping) transport crude oil mixed with significant amounts of water and gasses, midstream operations (transport and storage before refining) deals with much drier crude with most of the water and gasses removed and upstream corrosion problems are mostly caused by chemical composition of given specific fraction and high temperature. Corrosion problems in midstream operations are usually not as severe as during drilling and initial transport, however, this step is significantly longer.
The reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is one of the most vital components to nuclear reactor operation. RPVs are made from forged low alloy steel and then typically clad on the inside with austenitic stainless steel (SS) to protect from corrosion. Traditionally, RPV claddings are applied with gas tungsten arc welding or submerged arc welding, though these arc welding processes require the use of a high heat input to achieve this dissimilar metal bond. The high heat input leads to excess residual stress, a large heat-affected zone, and deleterious phase formation, including sigma phase, sulfides, carbides, and martensite at the dissimilar metal boundary.
There is an increasing interest in substituting nonrenewable fossil fuels with clean and renewable energy resources due to the concerns on the greenhouse gas emissions and the depleting fossil resources. Biomass is a renewable resource derived from living organism and/or their byproducts. For example, some agriculture or forestry wastes (like cornstalk or wood sawdust), industrial wastes (such as black liquor), cattle manure from animal husbandry, and even sewage from our daily life usage can be used for bioenergy production.
Ni-based corrosion resistant alloys UNS N06035 and UNS N10362 were designed with the goal of withstanding some of the most aggressive environments found in various sectors of the chemical processing industry (CPI). These alloys have successfully found a niche in process-specific environments that are uncommonly aggressive, pushing the envelope for higher chemical processing efficiency, performance and durability.
N06035 alloy was designed to resist “wet process” phosphoric acid, which is used in the production of fertilizers.
Over the past decade, serious environmental concerns induced by fossil fuelproduction/combustion and increasing daily demand on energy supply have stimulated intensive research to develop reliable and sustainable energy supply and production technologies. Among the identified alternatives, raw biomass materials, such as food residues, energy crops, agricultural residues, and waste from industry, farms and households, have been widely recognized as one of the most promising resources due to their environmental-friendly and renewable nature. It is estimated that the annual global primary production of biomass can be equivalent to the 4,500 EJ of solar energy captured per year.
UNS S31600 is usually selected for pipes to be applied under conditions where cleanliness is an essential factor. As the lines around Sulfate Removal Unit (SRU) have this requirement (considering the membranes sensibility to any debris), it is common to find this alloy as the preferred one in the material selection criteria for systems like this in Floating Production Storage and Offloading units (FPSO) where the deaerator tower is upstream the SRU, with the role to limit the oxygen content up to 10 ppb in the seawater.
Although the selection of UNS S31600 agrees with ISO 21457 and NORSOK M-001 for this part of seawater treatment system (Figure 1), in 2019 several pits were noticed at pipes downstream the SRU in a FPSO being operated at Brazil Santos basin.
In Oil & Gas industries, Cr-Ni-Mo stainless steels and Ni-Cr-Mo alloys with Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) lower than 40 could be selected for Rigid Production subsea risers, pipeline, and associated structure’s piping, according to a CO2/H2S corrosion assessment that considers all steady and transient conditions foreseen to operate the reservoir.
However, there are frequently some localized corrosion concerns for these materials during the installation and pre-commissioning of the line, when the internal surface of the line could be in contact temporarily with untreated seawater. These concerns systematically lead to discard the selection of these materials and to select, for conservative purpose, UNS N06625 that is admitted immune to localized corrosion in ambient seawater in international standard and operator’s specification, whatever the outcomes of the CO2/H2 corrosion assessment.
Nga Awa Purua geothermal power station (NAP) operates a conventional direct contact condenser with recirculating cooling water and forced air cooling towers. The power station is located at the Rotokawa Geothermal field, near Taupō in the North Island of New Zealand. The field supports two power stations: NAP, which was commissioned in 2010 with an installed capacity of 140 MW; and Rotokawa I, a binary power plant which has been in operation since 1997.
Structural engineering analysis is an important part of condition assessment of aging concrete structures. Structural engineers involved in condition assessment, maintaining, and repairing concrete structures need to be informed of the principles and practice of corrosion risks facing aging concrete structures. The approach towards this issue, from a corrosion engineer’s standpoint, is to do an inspection/condition assessment before making any form of judgements or recommendations.