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Corrosion inhibitors provide a cost effective method for internal corrosion control of carbon and low alloy steel infrastructure within the oil and gas industry. The correct selection and validation of inhibitors is essential to ensure successful, safe and reliable operation of infrastructure. Corrosion inhibitors used in upstream oil and gas production are characteristic of surfactant molecules, which adsorb at the metalsolution interface, creating a dynamic physical barrier that reduces electrochemical dissolution.
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Atmospheric corrosion of metal alloys in cold environments is assumed to be negligible. However, studies in the Arctic and Antarctic regions have shown significant corrosion damage when exposed to cold conditions. While thermodynamically this is correct, other factors in such environments can be responsible for driving corrosion.
The total project study focused on six suction and discharge drums. Each of them was built with twohemispherical heads and a number of shells. The H2S service and Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) from this specific oil and gas field required the equipment to be cladded with Alloy 825 to protect them from corrosion.
Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques are being studied widely for producing intricately shaped parts and structural components with superior mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Several detailed studies have been performed on selective laser melted (SLM) stainless steel 316L (SS316L) alloys which describe the effects of process parameters, anisotropy and heat treatments on the corrosion behavior of these alloys. These studies have revealed various pit morphologies and passive films formed on the alloys in various solutions.
In gas-oil separation plants (GOSPs), multiphase crude is separated, degassed and then dehydrated before being shipped to stabilization plants for further processing. Typically, in ageing oil fields, the crude is accompanied by large volumes of formation water that is separated in GOSPs using three-phase production traps, which are large horizontal vessels, using a gravimetric separation process where water collects and settles at the vessel’s lower part.
Materials selection in the biomedical sector has become a critical area of research, and the care and treatment of patients need to be continuously improved as technology advances. There is a broad range of such applications for metals in the current state of the industry, including dentistry and orthodontics, surgical tools, implants, stents, and bone staples and screws. Each of these applications entails a unique environment within the human body, and as new alloys are developed, it is crucial to understand their degradation behavior and response when exposed to the harsh conditions found throughout biomedical applications.
The serious challenges for harvesting solar energy from solar power tower is the inherent intermittence caused by altering of day and night and by the weather event changes, posing a significant threat to the continuous supply of solar electricity. The most promising solution explored by the researchers during the last few decades would be integrating the thermal storage system with the Concentrated Solar Power Plant (CSP) to stabilise and provide the high-quality electrical energy at night or anytime without sufficient solar irradiance. Typical thermal energy storage system enables the CSP plants to store solar energy by heating the sensible storage medium, like molten nitrate salt in a hot tank.
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a countermeasure for the global warming issue, and the number of CCS projects has increased. One type of CCS is Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), in which CO2 is injected into oil or natural gas reservoirs. Because formation water, which usually has a high concentration of chloride, exists at the bottom of these reservoirs, the injection tubing will suffer corrosion when the formation water flows back to the tubing. Stainless steels have been applied as tubing materials for Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG), and showed excellent corrosion resistance under high temperature and high CO2 pressure conditions. Martensite-based stainless steels bearing 13 mass% Cr to 17 mass% Cr are one of these tubing materials and are also expected to be used in CO2 injection tubing.
Subsequent failure due to corrosion, particularly on storage tanks bottom plates for molten sulphur tanks, is one of the main factors upsetting any production facilities.
As a protective facility to ensure the safety of citizens or to guide the traffic flow, guardrails are almostvisible everywhere in modern cities. The most commonly used material for roadside guardrail systemsis steel. However, due to the influence of the marine environment, corrosion of roadside steel guardrailis ubiquitous in coastal cities, which not only damages the appearance and reputation of the city, butalso poses a potential security threat by largely reducing the service-life and strength of the guardrail.
To limit the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change, the use of conventional hydrocarbons needs to be reduced significantly. The global demand for biofuels is thus expected to grow during the present decade. Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO) is one of the predominant biofuels produced by converting lipidic feedstocks (vegetable oils, animal fats, waste cooking oils, …) through a conventional refinery hydrotreatment (HDT) process.
Project A is being developed by the company with two fields about 220 km distance from Bintulu, Sarawak. The fields are classified as sour with estimated H2S concentration up to 5,000 ppm and 3.8 mol% CO2. The two fields are mainly Field A1 and Field A2 with approximately 20km apart. Field A1 will have two dry xmas trees, drilled from the Platform A while Field A2 will be developed with 2 subsea wells and supporting subsea infrastructures.