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A convenient protocol for screening the potential efficacy of scale inhibitors is described. All of the techniques used require relatively inexpensive equipment. Two types of scale are addressed in this paper, calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate, but the general procedures are expected to be applicable to inhibitor screening for others as well.
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Thermodynamic scale prediction and laboratorial kinetic study are two of the major scale risk assessment methods applied in the oil and gas industry.
Laboratory investigation on the impacts of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) chemicals, i.e., surfactant and polymer, on calcium carbonate scale formation and inhibition.
Data were collected to study the effect of an imidazoline based inhibitor on reducing CO2 corrosion of low carbon steel in erosive environments. Lower erosion-corrosion material loss was measured with inhibitor than with the protective iron carbonate scale.
Scale and corrosion inhibitors are commonly used in many oil and gas production systems to prevent inorganic deposition and to protect asset integrity. Scale inhibitor products are based on organic compounds with phosphate or carboxylic functional groups such as amino phosphonates, phosphate esters, phosphino polymers, polycarboxylate and polysulfonates,1 as shown in Figure 1. These anionic groups have strong affinity to alkaline earth cations and can adsorb on the active growth sites of scale crystal (Figure 2), resulting in stopping or delaying the scale formation process.
Inorganic fouling in oilfields has resulted in millions of dollars of operating expenditure every year since the inception of offshore oil and gas drilling, where mineral scale deposition in tubing, flowlines and downhole equipment leads to significant production downtime. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) fouling is endemic in oilfield systems, as produced water containing both bicarbonate and calcium ions is prone to form precipitates as a result of pressure changes during production.The release of carbon dioxide gas from the aqueous phase prompts the evolution of carbonate resulting in a rise in pH and consequent precipitation.
Picture for Challenges and Solutions with Polymer, Polymer-Like Carbon, and Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings Against Geothermal Scaling and Corrosion Picture for Challenges and Solutions with Polymer, Polymer-Like Carbon, and Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings Against Geothermal Scaling and Corrosion.
The crystallization of sparingly soluble salt in multiphase system, involving mixing between oil and water fractions, is one of the major challenges encountered by the petroleum industry. The kinetics of scale formation in the bulk of the fluid in the presence of the oil phase is very important and has received little attention. Most of the studies that focused on dealing with the challenges of scale formation in the oil and gas industry have been directed towards the understanding, predictions and treatment based on results from single phase brine solution.