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Carbonate And Sulfide Scale Formation In Multiphase Conditions

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Inorganic fouling in oilfields has resulted in millions of dollars of operating expenditure every year since the inception of offshore oil and gas drilling, where mineral scale deposition in tubing, flowlines and downhole equipment leads to significant production downtime. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) fouling is endemic in oilfield systems, as produced water containing both bicarbonate and calcium ions is prone to form precipitates as a result of pressure changes during production.The release of carbon dioxide gas from the aqueous phase prompts the evolution of carbonate resulting in a rise in pH and consequent precipitation.

Product Number: 51322-17894-SG
Author: Olujide Sanni, Thibaut Charpentier, Anne Neville
Publication Date: 2022
Industries: Coatings and Linings , Coatings
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Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) scale formation is recognized as a major problem affecting production and transportation in the oil and gas industry. The phenomenon is extensively studied however; very limited work has been carried out to evaluate it in multiphase environments. This work aims to study calcium carbonate surface deposition in a multiphase environment that can replicate more accurately conditions encountered during secondary and ternary oil production. Multiphase conditions induced by introduction of a light distillate within the system were used to create oil in water (o/w) emulsions in order to reflect more accurately the scaling process in oil pipeline transportation. Using a set of bulk and surface analysis techniques such as Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), or Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the results showed that the presence of an oil phase within the system retard the nucleation as well as the dissolution of vaterite, the metastable phase of calcium carbonate. This affect the growth kinetic of calcite and contribute overall to hinder mineral surface fouling. When lead sulfide (PbS) co-precipitates alongside calcium carbonate, the experimental observations show that PbS crystals provides additional seeding point for the nucleation of CaCO3 to take place. In such conditions, the mechanism of surface fouling build-up is altered and proceed via the impact and adhesion of PbS/CaCO3 particles onto the stainless-steel surfaces which result in higher mass gain.

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) scale formation is recognized as a major problem affecting production and transportation in the oil and gas industry. The phenomenon is extensively studied however; very limited work has been carried out to evaluate it in multiphase environments. This work aims to study calcium carbonate surface deposition in a multiphase environment that can replicate more accurately conditions encountered during secondary and ternary oil production. Multiphase conditions induced by introduction of a light distillate within the system were used to create oil in water (o/w) emulsions in order to reflect more accurately the scaling process in oil pipeline transportation. Using a set of bulk and surface analysis techniques such as Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), or Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the results showed that the presence of an oil phase within the system retard the nucleation as well as the dissolution of vaterite, the metastable phase of calcium carbonate. This affect the growth kinetic of calcite and contribute overall to hinder mineral surface fouling. When lead sulfide (PbS) co-precipitates alongside calcium carbonate, the experimental observations show that PbS crystals provides additional seeding point for the nucleation of CaCO3 to take place. In such conditions, the mechanism of surface fouling build-up is altered and proceed via the impact and adhesion of PbS/CaCO3 particles onto the stainless-steel surfaces which result in higher mass gain.

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Case Analysis Of Electromagnetic Interference Of AC Substation On Pipeline

Product Number: 51322-17517-SG
Author: Su Jin
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

A substation is a place where the power system converts voltage and current and receives and distributes electric energy. When a phase line is abnormally connected to another phase line or ground, a large amount of current will flow into the ground through the grounding bed of the substation. In such case, if metal structures exist such as buried pipelines near the substation, the pipelines often withstand serious electrical interference 1, which causes stray current corrosion of the pipelines 2 and other safety problems.
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Case Studies On Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor Monitoring Using Electrical Resistance Probes For Oil And Gas Assets.

Product Number: 51322-17855-SG
Author: Daniel Mugongo, Juan Dominguez Olivo
Publication Date: 2022
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Aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) are assets that contain valuable goods for the oil and gas industry. Consequently, monitoring and preventing loss of containment and extending the service life of those assets is a priority for the abovementioned industries. To monitor the degradation process of the tanks, ER probes are typically used to determine the corrosion rates. Corrosion rates can be used to forecast the service life of an asset by estimating the time at which the degradation reaches a critical thickness of the tank. If the corrosion rate is such that the critical thickness is expected to reach below the expected service life of the asset, the lifespan can be extended by corrosion mitigation methods.
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Case Study: Foreign Operator DC Interference On An Existing Pipeline Systems

Product Number: 51322-17587-SG
Author: Jessica Jaskolka
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

EN Engineering (ENE) completed an AC interference study over 68 miles of an operator’s transmission line. In addition, an ACVG survey of approximately one (1) mile of the pipeline was conducted at the take-off point of the 8” line. As a result of this AC interference study, evidence of elevated AC corrosion risk has not been found on the operator’s pipeline. However, a review of the provided data shows evidence of DC interference due to a nearby foreign rectifier groundbed at the take-off point of the operator’s line.
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