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Thermodynamic scale prediction and laboratorial kinetic study are two of the major scale risk assessment methods applied in the oil and gas industry.
Thermodynamic scale prediction and laboratorial kinetic study are two of the major scale risk assessment methods applied in the oil and gas industry. The scale prediction calculations provide the equilibrium state in terms of saturation ratio or saturation index of water for different scale species and possibly the mass of each precipitated species in bulk precipitation. On the other hand laboratorial kinetic method studies the rate of scale surface deposition under dynamic conditions.In the work reported herein dynamic loop tests were carried out to study the CaCO3 deposition rate at 150oC in three water compositions with the same saturation ratio. These three water compositions represent a wide range of water chemistries encountered in the oil and gas industry i.e. high calcium and low bicarbonate concentrations medium calcium and medium bicarbonate concentrations and low calcium and high bicarbonate concentration.The following conclusions are drawn based on the test results.Saturation index generated by applied prediction software only qualitatively indicates the potential of scale formation based on the principles of thermodynamics in bulk solution. To truly asses scaling under field conditions the kinetics of scale surface deposition must be studied using appropriate experimental procedure and test parameters.Both thermodynamic scale prediction and laboratorial kinetic study should be applied in order to have a better understanding of scale scenario and scale management in the field.Compared to calcium bicarbonate is more dominant reaction specie for CaCO3 scale precipitation.The minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) is strongly related to bicarbonate. Water with high bicarbonate concentration requires much higher MIC level even if its saturation index is equivalent to the water with lower bicarbonate.This paper gives a comprehensive study of the kinetics of CaCO3 deposition considering the effects of calcium and bicarbonate concentrations. The study encompasses thermodynamics prediction laboratory evaluation scale formation mechanisms and inhibitor selection. It will contribute to understand both thermodynamic and kinetics of CaCO3 formation and qualification of effective inhibitors for field application.
Key words: downloadable, calcium carbonate, scale, thermodynamic, kinetics, deposits
This paper presents the latest laboratory results on iron sulfide dissolver evaluation. The recently developed dissolvers were studied for their dissolving powers using iron sulfide scale solids and the corrosion rate to mild steel at elevated temperature. Based on these results, the technical gaps and future developments for iron sulfide dissolvers are discussed.
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The formation brine in a giant carbonate reservoir had high total dissolved solids and high calcium ion concentration. The absence of any major sulfate-scaling problem in this field despite the seawater flood for more than 25 years is attributed to the injection of compatible aquifer waters before the onset of seawater injection.
Four low carbon steels with different Cr and Cu concentrations were prepared to investigate the effect of alloying elements on their corrosion behavior in 3.5% NaCl solution diluted hydrochloric acid and dilute sulphuric acid (pH=1.4-1.5) respectively. Electrochemical measurement and immersion test at room temperature characterized the corrosion behavior and evaluated the corrosion rate.