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Challenges and Solutions with Polymer, Polymer-Like Carbon, and Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings Against Geothermal Scaling and Corrosion

Picture for Challenges and Solutions with Polymer, Polymer-Like Carbon, and Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings Against Geothermal Scaling and Corrosion
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Picture for Challenges and Solutions with Polymer, Polymer-Like Carbon, and Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings Against Geothermal Scaling and Corrosion Picture for Challenges and Solutions with Polymer, Polymer-Like Carbon, and Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings Against Geothermal Scaling and Corrosion.

Product Number: 51323-18808-SG
Author: Manuel Marya, Virendra Singh, Alireza Zolfaghari
Publication Date: 2023
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$20.00
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Over a dozen commercial and new polymer, polymer-like carbon (PLC), and diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings originally developed for the Oil & Gas industry show promising characteristics against geothermal carbonate scales. This paper discusses the major findings of both (a) calcium carbonate scale tests and (b) corrosion tests at two temperatures and with multiple brines, including a carbonateforming brine and a high-chloride acidic brine. Coating performance Vs. characteristics such as thickness,
surface roughness, and water contact angles, is also investigated. In general, thin coatings (less than 5 m), whether polymer, PLC, or DLC, tend to be unfit for service due to an inadequate gas permeation
resistance, even when the coatings are applied onto corrosion-resistant substrates such as Alloy 718. In contrast, the thicker polymer and DLC coatings (e.g., ~15 m) are found to be more fit-for-service, and
more appealing when also strongly hydrophobic (i.e., with high water contact angles). This paper also shows that hydrophobicity, surface roughness, and a low carbonate scale deposition behavior are not
noticeably correlated. Importantly, when scale formation is accompanied by strong carbon-dioxide degassing (e.g., 150°C), the more gas-impervious coatings have been found to resist better blistering
and gas-induced removal or delamination. 

Over a dozen commercial and new polymer, polymer-like carbon (PLC), and diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings originally developed for the Oil & Gas industry show promising characteristics against geothermal carbonate scales. This paper discusses the major findings of both (a) calcium carbonate scale tests and (b) corrosion tests at two temperatures and with multiple brines, including a carbonateforming brine and a high-chloride acidic brine. Coating performance Vs. characteristics such as thickness,
surface roughness, and water contact angles, is also investigated. In general, thin coatings (less than 5 m), whether polymer, PLC, or DLC, tend to be unfit for service due to an inadequate gas permeation
resistance, even when the coatings are applied onto corrosion-resistant substrates such as Alloy 718. In contrast, the thicker polymer and DLC coatings (e.g., ~15 m) are found to be more fit-for-service, and
more appealing when also strongly hydrophobic (i.e., with high water contact angles). This paper also shows that hydrophobicity, surface roughness, and a low carbonate scale deposition behavior are not
noticeably correlated. Importantly, when scale formation is accompanied by strong carbon-dioxide degassing (e.g., 150°C), the more gas-impervious coatings have been found to resist better blistering
and gas-induced removal or delamination. 

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Picture for New Understanding on Calcium Carbonate Scaling Kinetics
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New Understanding on Calcium Carbonate Scaling Kinetics

Product Number: 51319-12935-SG
Author: Qiwei Wang
Publication Date: 2019
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Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is the predominate type of mineral scale formed in many industrial water processes including oil and gas production. Comprehensive and accurate knowledge on the CaCO3 scaling risk is critical for the effective scale management. Currently scale risk assessment is largely depends on thermodynamic simulation which predicts the saturation state under given conditions there are very limited experimental or field data on scaling kinetics. Previous works on temperature effect were investigated on nucleation and precipitation in bulk solutions which didn’t involve the CaCO3 adhesion and accumulation on existing surface. The pressure effect is considered in scaling tendency calculation but its potential impact on scaling kinetics is usually neglected.This paper presents the laboratory results of CaCO3 scaling kinetics at various temperatures (80-150°C) and pressures (500-5000 psia). Tests were conducted with a dynamic tube blocking apparatus which measures CaCO3 scale buildup by monitoring hydrostatic pressure differential (DP) across a capillary tubing and the time for scale formation was determined. Test waters were maintained at similar CaCO3 supersaturation state at different temperatures and pressures by adjusting bicarbonate concentration. Results show that under the test conditions scaling rate was accelerated by both temperature and pressure. CaCO3 scaling time was shortened approximately 2 times when pressure was increased from 500 psi to 5000 psi at the same temperature and similar supersaturation state. For examples scaling timeis decreased from ~65minutes to ~40minutes at 80°C and from ~40 minutes to < 20 minutes at 125°C with pressure changed from 500 psi to 5000 psi..This study provides new understanding on the mineral scaling kinetics by identifying the pressure dependence of CaCO3 scale formation process. Experimental results show that pressure other than its impact on solubility has additional kinetic effect on CaCO3 scaling rate. This kinetic effect should be included in the scaling risk assessment especially for the high pressure systems.
Picture for Investigation of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate and Calcium Carbonate Scale Inhibition by PESA PBTC and PESA/PBTC Blends for Industrial Water Systems
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51318-11053-Investigation of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate and Calcium Carbonate Scale Inhibition by PESA PBTC and

Product Number: 51318-11053-SG
Author: Amannie Kweik / Zahid Amjad
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This study is focused on the evaluation of polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA), 2-phosphonobutane 1,2,4-tricarboxyllic acid (PBTC), and PESA/PBTC blends for calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) and calcium carbonate scale inhibition for aqueous systems.
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51316-7626-Controlling the Kinetic Versus Thermodynamic Growth of Calcium Carbonate Scale on Surface

Product Number: 51316-7626-SG
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Author: thibaut charpentier
Publication Date: 2016
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