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The corrosion resistance of sucker rod materials can be a significant concern, especially in aggressive service environments with high acid gas concentrations. Corrosion-related failures have been associated with increased levels of produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The presence of corrosion damage, which is characterized by local material dissolution and pitting formation under the influence of CO2 and/or H2S, provides the initiation sites in a fatigue cracking mechanism. The fatigue crack propagation in corrosion aggressive environments is associated with the following factors: (1) local tensile stress concentration at crack tip, and (2) local corrosion dissolution. Therefore, using a material that tends to re-passivate as it interacts with the environment would be the optimum solution in order to mitigate the likelihood of field failures and reduce overall operating costs. Regarding passive film disruption processes abrasion and high temperature influences were not considered at this stage of the present study and repassivation kinetics were not measured. Conventional sucker rod production processes include normalize and temper (N&T) or quench and temper (Q&T) heat treatments to meet desired strength levels of low alloy steels. In order to enhance the corrosion properties and provide a resistant sucker rod solution, 13Cr martensitic stainless steel may provide a viable alternative to low alloys steels. This paper focuses on the characterization of 13Cr sucker rod material by comparing the general corrosion and corrosion fatigue performance with low-alloy steels.
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Austenitic and ferritic-martensitic steel were irradiated with protons while exposed to simulated PWR primary water for 4-72 hr in 320°C water with 3 wppm hydrogen while irradiated at surface dose rates from 400-4000 kGy/s (4x10-7 to 7x10-6 dpa/s).
Although Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a critical damage mechanism that had been researched for decades in different environments, yet diagnosing a specific industrial failure to be attributed to MIC can still be challenging. The challenge of accurately identifying an MIC failure is partially due to the similarity of the failure morphology with other damage mechanisms, e.g., pitting corrosion due to chloride. Furthermore, the variously proposed initiation and propagation mechanisms for different types of bacteria may illustrate to the failure analyst that the MIC mechanisms are not yet well established. The confusion of MIC failure identification could also be aggravated by the fact that the presence of bacteria in a system does not necessarily mean that MIC is the culprit. Therefore, this paper will shed some light on the overlapping areas between MIC and pitting corrosion, especially the morphology of the attack. Moreover, several steps will be highlighted and discussed on how to correctly identify if MIC is the culprit in a specific failure.
Irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) is a phenomenon caused by neutron irradiation of austenitic stainless steels (SSs). The crack growth rates (CGRs) of IASCC for boiling water reactor (BWR) components are needed for assessments to ensure component integrity. The CGR formula has been proposed as a function of the stress intensity factor (K).
Thanks to their good corrosion resistance and ease to shape and weld, austenitic stainless steel grades (e.g. UNS S31603) are used as standard materials for the construction of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The main factors influencing the corrosiveness of the fluids in WWTP are halides concentration (more specifically chlorides), H2S content, low pH, temperature and their combined effects.
In municipal wastewater streams, chloride content, known to be one of the critical agents affecting the stability of protective passive layers for stainless steels2, is usually around 50-200 mg/L and in this content range does not present major issues for the austenitic grade.
This paper shows results comparing the localized corrosion resistance of seven martensitic, ferritic and austenitic stainless steels in deaerated 10,000 ppm Cl- solution at ambient temperature.
To support installed tube lines, plastic clamp systems (which cause a high risk of corrosion failure of the pipe and tube) have been widely used. Crevice corrosion resistance of such was investigated based on the standard test methods. Characteristics were analyzed and operational life time estimated.
In the present study, corrosion tests were performed using both weight loss and electrochemical techniques for Ni-Cr-Mo (W) alloys in hydrochloric (HCl), sulfuric (H2SO4), nitric (HNO3) acids and their various combinations.
Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) involves penetration of a liquid metal into a solid metal that leads to brittle fracture. A test program was established to evaluate the susceptibility of various metallic materials to LME by mercury.
Stainless steel is one of the most resistant materials to chloride environments and is an important material for water applications. Selecting a suitable stainless steel grade for water applications requires information about the performance of the candidate stainless steel grades. The limiting conditions for the pitting resistance of stainless steel depend mainly on the alloying composition of the steel and the surrounding environment.
Stainless steel 316L (316SS) has been widely applied in relevant commercial fields (e.g. chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, biomedical, and manufacturing industries) due to its excellent properties in corrosion and abrasion resistance, antioxidation, and service life. It is considered an austenitic material, non-magnetic, and thermally nonhardenable. The 316SS can be produced via powder by different methods such as: self-combustion, high-temperature synthesis (SHS), electron beam radiation, laser surface melting, plasma spray synthesis, mechanical alloying and casting methods among others.