AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'hydrogen embrittlement'

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High Performance Alloy 955 for Hydrogen Charging Environments

Product Number: 51324-20858-SG

Author: Luca Foroni; Carlo Malara

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In order to extend the range of alloy 955 (UNS N09955) applications, the manufacturing process of this alloy has been further optimized to increase its ductility, toughness and, more importantly, resistance to hydrogen embrittlement and still provide 827 MPa (120 ksi) as minimum yield strength. Details of the properties of alloy 955 when produced by this optimized manufacturing process are presented and discussed in this paper.

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High Strength Austentitic Stainless Steels for Hydrogen Applications at High Strength

Product Number: 51324-20780-SG

Author: Clara Herrera; Merlin Seifert

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Hydrogen can be the future energy carrier as it might offer a substitute for fossil fuels. However, it can degrade the mechanical properties of many materials, a phenomenon well known as hydrogen embrittlement (HE) that can lead to a catastrophic failure. Austenitic stainless steels (ASS), especially UNS S31603 with a minimum yield strength (YS) of 170 MPa (25 ksi), is frequently used for hydrogen applications due to its low susceptibility to HE compared with other ASSs. However, ASS cannot be used when high strength (YS > 500 MPa) is required. Nitrogen-strengthened (e.g. UNS S20910) and CrMn(NiMo)N austenitic stainless steels in strain-hardened condition show a YS higher than 758 MPa (110 ksi) and are resistant to HE when tested in 100 bar (10 MPa) H2 atmosphere at room temperature. This paper discusses the susceptibility of high strength austenitic stainless steels, UNS S20910 and CrMnNiMoN (18Cr-18Mn-4Ni-2Mo), in strain hardened-condition to HE at higher H2 pressure. Slow strain rate tensile tests (SSRT) were carried out in hydrogen atmosphere at 1000 bar (100 MPa) and room temperature. Both austenitic stainless steels exhibit YS > 758 MPa (110 ksi) and UTS > 900 MPa (130 ksi). UNS S20910 and CrMnNiMoN austenitic stainless steels are resistant to HE, showing a ductile fracture. Although CrMnNiMoN present a reduction in ductility, its relative reduction of aera is higher than 80 %. Their fracture mode is ductile, characterized by microvoids and dimples. UNS S20910 and CrMnNiMoN can be an option for high-pressure hydrogen applications when high strength is required.

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High-strength Nickel Low Alloy Steels for Oil and Gas Equipment: ASTM A508 Grade 4N under cathodic protection and simulated sour environments.

Product Number: 51320-14706-SG

Author: Andreas Viereckl, Esteban Rodoni, Zakaria Quadir, Garry Leadbeater and Mariano Iannuzzi, Yuta Honma

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Low alloy steels (LASs) combine relatively low cost with exceptional mechanical properties, making LASs commonplace in Oil and Gas equipment. However, the strength and hardness of LASs for sour environments and for applications that generate atomic hydrogen at the surface, e.g., cathodic protection, is limited to prevent different forms of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) such as hydrogen stress cracking (HSC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC). As a result, the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of forged LASs for, e.g., subsea components, rarely exceeds 550 MPa (80 ksi), while the most common pipeline steels are API(1) X65 to X70, with a SMYS of 450 MPa (65 ksi) and 482 MPa (70 ksi), respectively. Moreover, ISO(2) 15156-2 restricts LASs to a maximum of 1.0 wt% Ni due to SSC concerns. The LASs that exceed the ISO 15156-2 limit have to be qualified for service, lowering their commercial appeal.

In this work, the HSC resistance of the high-nickel (3.41 wt%), quenched and tempered (Q&T), nuclear-grade ASTM(3) A508 Gr.4N LAS was investigated using slow strain rate testing (SSRT) as a function of applied cathodic potential. Results showed that the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) were unaffected by hydrogen, even at a high negative potential of -2.0 VAg/AgCl. HE effects were observed once the material started necking, manifested by a loss in ductility with increasing applied cathodic potentials. Indeed, A508 Gr.4N was less affected by H at high cathodic potentials than a low-strength (YS = 340 MPa) ferritic-pearlitic LAS of similar nickel content. SSRT results were linked to microstructure features, which were characterized by light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).

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Hydrogen Charging Of Armco Iron And L80 Steel In Various Electrolytes

Product Number: 51322-17604-SG

Author: M. Eichinger, M. Truschner, D. Zwittnig, A. Trautmann, G. Mori

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Facing the increasing industrial requirements on iron and steel products the importance of investigating hydrogen embrittlement has been rising straightly since Johnson first described the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of iron and steel in 1874⁠. Since this day a lot of effort has been done on understanding and describing the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement and how absorbed hydrogen performs in materials.

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Hydrogen embrittlement of high strength austenitic stainless steels

Product Number: 51323-19269-SG

Author: Clara Herrera, Philipp Niederhofer, Merlin Seifert

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Hydrogen is considered an alternative energy source for fossil fuels, and consequently the requirements for materials used in hydrogen applications have been increased. These materials need to have high resistance against hydrogen embrittlement (HE). HE, that affects several metallic materials, is a complex phenomenon characterized by a degradation of the mechanical properties, in particular ductility.

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Hydrogen Embrittlement of SS316L Instrument Tubing in a Hydroprocessing Unit

Product Number: 51320-14357-SG

Author: Siew Leong Waia, Rajaram Chidambaramb, John Richertc, Jorge Perdomo

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

An unexpected failure of 316L Stainless Steel instrument tubing occurred in a high pressure Hydroprocessing unit resulting in a shutdown of the unit. The tubing system consisted of a compression type fitting commonly used in instrument systems and had only been in service for 3 years when the failure occurred. The failed tubing samples were removed for metallurgical analysis and determination of damage mechanism.

Metallurgical analysis and finite element analysis of the tubing identified excessive cold working leading to hydrogen embrittlement as the primary mode of failure. This paper details the investigation into the failure to arrive at the root cause and the preventive measures adopted to assess the installed population of tubing in similar service.

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Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility in Corrosion Resistant Materials for Fasteners

Product Number: 51323-18763-SG

Author: Hans Husby, Inge Morten Kulbotten, Gisle Rørvik

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

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Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Steel Armour Wires for Flexible Pipes

Product Number: 51320-14489-SG

Author: Ellen Synnøve Skilbred, Signe Aarthun Lootz, Roy Johnsen

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Flexible pipes are frequently used both as flowlines and risers in the oil and gas industry. A flexible pipe has a complex structure consisting of layers of polymer and metallic materials. The armor wire layers – shielded with polymer materials from seawater on the outside and well fluid on the inside – are the load and pressure bearing parts. Due to diffusion from the well fluid and/or damage of the outer polymer layer, the annulus can be water-filled, and armor wire can corrode. In this work, the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) with the presence of atomic hydrogen due to cathodic polarization has been investigated for six different tensile armor wire materials. Samples were exposed to Slow Strain Rate testing (SSRT) in 3.5% NaCl solution and cathodic polarization to -1.1 and -1.4 VAg/AgCl at room temperature. Reference samples without hydrogen charging were tested in air for comparison. Stress-strain curves, reduction in area (RA) and the microstructure of the fracture surfaces were investigated. The HE susceptibility tended to increase with the carbon content, strength and hardness and the materials tended to be more brittle when charged to -1.4 VAg/AgCl than -1.1VAg/AgCl.

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Hydrogen in Steels: A Critical Review and Recommended Practices

Product Number: 51317--9548-SG

ISBN: 9548 2017 CP

Author: Mark Sadowski

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

A summary of hydrogen bakeout history to remove hydrogen from a component. Existing recommendations regarding hydrogen bakeout in codes and standards. Results from an industry survey of energy producers. Proposed methodology for selecting bakeout parameters.

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Improving Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance Of Precipitation Hardened Nickel-Alloys

Product Number: 51321-16673-SG

Author: Luca Foroni, Carlo Malara

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Precipitation hardened (PH) Ni-alloys are widely used in the oil and gas industry since they provide an excellent combination of corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Their use in the manufacture of API1 6A pressure-containing and pressure-controlling components is subject to the stringent requirements of specification API Standard 6ACRA. However, matching the requirements of API Standard 6ACRA does not preclude susceptibility of some PH Ni-alloys to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) and this in some cases has led to premature and unexpected failures of components made from such
materials.(

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Influence Of Cold Deformation On Hydrogen Embrittlement By Determining The Critical Hydrogen Concentration In High Strength Steel For Wire Applications

Product Number: 51322-17639-SG

Author: M. Truschner, P. Gruber, J. Deutsch, J. Pengg, G. Mori, H. Köberl

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The threshold hydrogen content of a material regarding hydrogen embrittlement plays an increasingly important role in corrosion research. This value indicates the hydrogen content to which the material can be used without failure. However, when determining the threshold hydrogen content, different test methods, different analysis methods and different interpretations of the results come together. This paper is intended to provide a guideline for the determination of the critical hydrogen concentration of high strength steel wire samples.

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Influence of the Hardening Phases on the Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Ni-Alloys based on UNS N07718

Product Number: 51320-14667-SG

Author: Julia Botinha, Bodo Gehrmann, Helena Alves

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

The Alloy UNS(1) N07718 is among the most used alloys in the oil and gas industry. Due to the presence of the alloying elements niobium, aluminum and titanium, this alloy is precipitation hardenable by the formation of the phases Gamma’ and Gamma’’. Although presenting excellent strength properties and good resistance in sour gas applications, this material is known to be susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement and most field failures are related to this limiting property.

The use of Alloy 718 (UNS N07718) for oil & gas applications is regulated by the API(2) 6ACRA1 standard and it is available in three different grades, the 120K, with minimum 120 ksi yield strength, the 140K, with minimum 140 ksi yield strength, and the 150K, with minimum 150 ksi yield strength. Previous studies showed that, due to the different hardening heat treatment parameters, each of the available grades presents a different precipitation behavior in terms of distribution and amount of precipitates, and the obtained microstructure is directly related to the resistance of the material to hydrogen embrittlement.

Products tagged with 'hydrogen embrittlement'

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