AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'hydrogen embrittlement'

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Effect of Ni on Sulfide Stress Cracking and Stress Grooving in Carbon Steel - Part 1: Constant-load (Dead-weight) Test

Product Number: 51324-20715-SG

Author: Taishi Fujishiro; Taro Muraki; Nobuyuki Ishikawa; Daichi Izumi; Takuya Hara

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) occurs in steel exposed to sour environments. Ni promotes the formation of a crack-like corrosion morphology (so-called stress groove or fissure), which accelerates the SSC; however, the mechanisms underlying fissure formation and growth are not fully understood. In this study, the effects of Ni on SSC and fissures were investigated. Constant-load tests were conducted at various potentials using TS 800 MPa grade steel with and without 1 % Ni addition. The fissures were formed near the corrosion potential on adding Ni. Anodic or cathodic polarization promoted SSC, suggesting that SSC was affected by both active path corrosion (APC) and hydrogen embrittlement (HE) mechanisms. In addition, the fissure shapes and crystal orientations of the microstructure were analyzed to classify the fissures as dissolution (corrosion) or mechanical cracking. Further, characteristic grooves promoted by Ni were confirmed to be APC.

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Effect of Ni on Sulfide Stress Cracking and Stress Grooving in Carbon Steel - Part 2: Four Point Bend Test

Product Number: 51324-20709-SG

Author: Nobuyuki Ishikawa; Taishi Fujishiro; Eiji Tada; Daichi Izumi; Junji Shimamura

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Four point bend sulfide stress cracking (SSC) tests were carried out under various conditions of H2S partial pressure, pH, soaking time, and applied stress to investigate the formation of stress groove (or fissure) and SSC behavior in TS 800 MPa (116 ksi) grade steel plates with 1%Ni added and 0% Ni steels. Under low hydrogen sulfide (H2S) partial pressure conditions, a fissure was formed only in the 1%Ni steel, although no SSC occurred. Morphology of the fissure in 1% Ni steel indicates that fissure extends by a corrosion, which is also called the anodic dissolution or the active path corrosion (APC). The fissure in 1%Ni steel grew almost linearly with soaking time in the test solution with stabilized pH condition. Formation and growth of fissure was enhanced by higher applied stress and there was a limiting stress for the formation of fissure. SSC occurred in both steels under high H2S partial pressure and low pH conditions. Detailed metallographic investigation for SSC cracks revealed that a corrosion pit initially formed then turned into a crack possibly by hydrogen embrittlement (HE), then finally caused unstable crack extension to rapture the specimen. Based on the experimental results for the fissure formation and SSC, the effect of both APC and HE are discussed.

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Effect Of Soil Environment On Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior Of X60 Steel

Product Number: 51322-17705-SG

Author: Wang Xiuyun, Yang Zhiwen, Wang Yao, Xing Yunying, Feng Min, Chen Yingfeng, Liu Xiaotong, Zhang Lei

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

With the rapid development of China's economy, energy and transportation industries have developed rapidly, and more and more oil and gas pipelines and urban rail transit have been built and put into use. Urban rail transportation systems, such as subways or light rail, generally use direct current traction and backflow through the rail. Because the track is not completely insulated from the earth, it is inevitable that some electric current will be discharged from the track to the earth to form stray electric current, which will cause interference to the surrounding metal components such as buried oil and gas pipelines.

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Effects of temperature on hydrogen absorption into steel bars by cathodic charging in solution containing ammonium thiocyanate

Product Number: 51323-18931-SG

Author: Takuya Kamisho, Ryuta Ishii, Masayuki Tsuda

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Steel bars used in pre-stressed concrete structures are constantly subjected to tensile stress, and some steel bars have been reported to fracture due to hydrogen embrittlement. It is important to know the hydrogen embrittlement behavior in steel bars to prevent fracture.

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Environmentally Assisted Cracking Of Nickel Based Alloy 955 In Saltwater With Cathodic Protection For HPHT Application

Product Number: 51322-17768-SG

Author: Arshad B Gavanluei, Vipul Shinde, Manuel Marya, Ramgopal Thodla, Alexis Simon, Stanley Gregory

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Precipitation hardened (PH) Ni-based alloys have been utilized in oil and gas industry for decades. Among them, UNS1 N07718 because of its performance in sour wellbore fluids and in hydrogen charging environments has received the most attention for multiple upstream applications such as tubing hangers, production stab, multi-phase flow meter bodies, valve stems, etc. It has been reported that the alloy performance is generally acceptable for many applications up to 175 °C (350 °F) – 204 °C (400 °F) in the exposed wellbore environments such as sour production fluid, completion brine, and depending on metallurgical processing and microstructure externally exposed to SWCP at the seabed temperature.

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Evaluation Of Hydrogen Embrittlement Of Nickel-Based Alloys In Cesium Formate With H2S/CO2

Product Number: 51322-18024-SG

Author: Xiaoji Li, Ramgopal Thodla

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Cesium formate (CsFo) brines have been used as the drilling and/or completion fluids in oil and gas wells in need of high-density fluids.^1,2 Multiple studies on corrosion of steels and corrosion resistance alloys (CRA) in formate environments have been reported in the literature.^2-8 It was known that the formate brines could undergo significant decomposition to form hydrogen when in contact with catalytic surfaces which CRA can act as. Therefore, there have been concerns that the CRA may catalyze the decomposition of formate brines to accelerate the generation of hydrogen which in turn may embrittle certain CRAs and endanger the relevant well equipment.

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Evaluation of the Hydrogen Diffusion and Transport Kinetics in ASTM A508 Grade 4N

Product Number: 51321-16404-SG

Author: Esteban Rodoni/Andreas Viereckl/Zakaria Quadir/Garry Leadbeater/Mariano Iannuzzi

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Extreme high-speed laser application of coating to prevent hydrogen embrittlement in metals

Product Number: 51323-19546-SG

Author: Yingwei Wu, Josh Barras, Jhonattan Gutjahr, Carl Hauser, Yuanbo T. Tang, Roger C. Reed, W. Mark Rainforth

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Hydrogen as a promising alternative energy source that is forecasted to potentially transform future power generation toward new-zero. However, its widespread adoption has proven challenging owing to difficulties around storage, transportation, and usage due to catastrophic failures i.e. hydrogen embrittlement (HE). This is particularly severe for high-strength structural steel that must be designed against fatal fractures; it is also relevant to parts that are not designed for hydrogen exposure due to the prevention of accidental spill or leakage.

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Failure of a Vaned Diffuser in a Sour Gas Compressor

Product Number: 51317--9073-SG

ISBN: 9073 2017 CP

Author: Vishwas Gadgil

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Failure of a diffuser (with vanes, made from material P265GH) is investigated. The gas compressor was in service for over 10 years. The gas contained both CO2 and H2S. Relative humidity of the gas was 100 %. It was found that the diffuser was fractured in 3 locations.

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Fatigue and Fracture Resistance of Different Line Pipe Grade Steels in Gaseous H2 Environment

Product Number: 51324-21101-SG

Author: Milan Agnani; Chris San Marchi; Joseph Ronevich

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The existing natural gas (NG) pipeline network is being considered to transport pure gaseous hydrogen (GH2) or blends of NG and GH2 for domestic and industrial energy needs, in an effort to reduce global CO2 emissions. The toughness and ductility of ferritic steels are reduced in the presence of GH2. In order to assess the viability of GH2 gas distribution via NG pipeline networks, it is necessary to understand the fatigue and fracture response of the materials in the network, including the various pipeline steels. Hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth (FCG) and fracture behavior of five different modern line pipe grade steels (X52, X70, X80, X100, and X120) were evaluated in high-purity GH2 at pressure of 210 bar, where the tensile strength increases with grade, X120 displaying the highest strength. The X52 and X70 steels feature ferrite with small amounts of pearlite in the microstructure. The X80 steel has a combination of polygonal and acicular ferrite, whereas the X100 and X120 steels contain fine ferritic and bainitic microstructures. The different pipeline steels exhibit similar accelerated FCG rates in the presence of GH2, irrespective of the strength and microstructural constituents. A significant reduction in the fracture resistance is observed for all the steels in GH2 as compared to air, although elastic-plastic fracture (J-R) behavior is maintained in GH2. Contrary to FCG rates, hydrogen-assisted fracture is affected by the microstructure and strength of the steel; higher strength steels exhibit lower fracture resistance and lower tearing modulus, analogous to the generally expected trends in air. Selected fracture surfaces are analyzed to rationalize the influence of microstructure and strength on hydrogen-assisted fracture of this class of steels.

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Field Data Collection for Cathodic Protection and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Super Duplex Stainless Steel for Deep Sea Application - Use of Low Voltage Anode

Product Number: 51324-20693-SG

Author: Nicolas Larché; Jean Vittonato; Anne-Marie Grolleau; Erwan Diler; Dominique Festy

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

High-strength steels (HSS) might undergo hydrogen embrittlement (HE) in seawater under cathodic protection (CP) with traditional Aluminum-Indium (Al-In) or zinc (Zn) galvanic anodes. The actual failure risk will also depend on metallurgy, mechanical properties and local loads. Even though super duplex stainless steels (SDSS) generally do not require CP, they can unintentionally become polarized due to electrical continuity with protected carbon steel structures. CP current demand and hydrogen evolution depend on various factors, like dissolved oxygen, temperature, flow, microbial activity, calcareous deposits, and depth. Hence, the risk of HE varies with exposure site and must be assessed. Aluminum-gallium (Al-Ga) is a low-voltage anodic material aimed at reducing protective potential to mitigate HE in high-strength steels in seawater. However, long-term field data is limited. This study aimed to gather long-term CP data for SDSS at different depths and seawater types, and to assess HE risk using Al-Ga vs. conventional anode materials. Instrumented anchored lines, including CP sensors, stressed samples, and environmental sensors were deployed for over a year in shallow, intermediary, and deep seawaters. Results showed varying cathodic current demands, with deep seawater having the highest. Biofilm formation on SDSS caused depolarization at all sites, with differences noted between sites. Al-Ga significantly reduced hydrogen-induced cracks in SDSS.

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Fitness-for-Purpose Research of OCTG for Underground Gas Storage Applications in H2/CO2 Environments

Product Number: 51320-14698-SG

Author: Yameng Qi, Zhonghua Zhang

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

In China, some underground gas storages (UGS) would be built to reserve the gaseous coal gas (CO, H2, CO2, H2O, etc.). Gaseous hydrogen induced hydrogen embrittlement (HE) and CO2 corrosion could possess great threat to the safety of OCTG in UGS. Fitness-for-purpose research of OCTG materials is urgently expected to screen out the suitable material for tubing application in UGS.
HE resistance and CO2 corrosion of OCTG materials (C110, 3Cr-90S, 13Cr-110 and 13Cr-110S) were investigated by slow strain rate testing and weight loss tests in UGS environments containing CO2 and H2. SSRT results show that both elongation ratio and reduction in area ratio of C110, 13Cr-110 and 13Cr-110S were more than 80%, except for 3Cr-90S. In addition, 3Cr-90S and 13Cr-110 tested in H2/CO2 environments possessed embrittled regions and secondary cracks, respectively. Weight loss test results show that C110 and 3Cr-90S exhibited high corrosion rates, which were classified as severe corrosion followed by qualitative categorization of corrosion rates for oil production systems in NACE RP0775. For stainless steels (13Cr-110 and 13Cr-110S), the corrosion rates were very low (low corrosion). Combined with the above results, 13Cr-110S could be the suitable OCTG material for UGS containing gaseous coal gas.

Products tagged with 'hydrogen embrittlement'

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