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Pipeline steels higher than API X80 grade ad subject to hydrogen embrittlement risk induced by the hydrogen evolution effect under cathodic protection. This paper focuses on the hydrogen embrittlement behaviors of API X70, X80 and X90 high strength pipeline steel under cathodic protection in soil simulation conditions.
High-strength steel is one of the basic materials for supporting a well-functioning society. Prestressed concrete (PC) is a typical example of a material in which high-strength steel is used. In PC, tensile stressed steel is embedded inside the concrete, and internal bars apply compressive stress to the concrete for preventing cracks in concrete that is vulnerable to tensile stress. Moreover, corrosion inside the steel is suppressed by the alkaline environment in the concrete, so the concrete and internal bars basically work to compensate for each other's weaknesses.
Stainless steels, e.g. 316 austenitic stainless steel, are commonly used in various hydrogen (H) delivery and storage applications, and the H embrittlement (HE) resistance of these steels is well-established. However, the alloying, particularly nickel (Ni), required to achieve the stable austenitic microstructure drives their relatively high cost and is a potential barrier to broad implementation of extensive infrastructure for the H economy. Figure 1 shows a plot of fracture toughness in H, KIH or KJH, versus yield strength for both austenitic stainless steels and lower alloy ferritic steels.
Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRAs) and issues of welding, fabrication, and assessment in oil and gas production. Environmentally assisted cracking. Technology gaps impacting the industry.
Corrosive environmental media may lead to a significant degradation of the mechanical properties of the materials. Individual experimental investigation and analysis concepts are available at the Institute of General and Analytical Chemistry for the evaluation of different materials under pressurized hydrogen. Hydrogen technologies will enable decarbonization.
Alloy K-500 (UNS N05500) is concomitantly a centurial material and the very first precipitation-strengthened nickel-based alloy, then developed in the 1920s by the newly-formed International Nickel Company, or Inco. Derived from Monel 400 (UNS N04400) that was invented in 1901, Alloy K-500 shares many of the same corrosion and tribological characteristics. Being a pioneer alloy with so-called “stain-less” characteristics, AlloyK-500 also established itself as the first high-strength oilfield nickel alloy, having survived sour service conditions exceeding the capabilities of the low-alloy steels of the time. From early naval propeller shaft applications togeneral cross-industrial uses, Alloy K-500 has always been considered a corrosion-resistant alloy, or CRA. For instance, it has been included in the NACE MR1075 document right from the first 1975 edition.
A powerful way to study hydrogen embrittlement at a local scale is by Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPFM). This technique by measuring the surface potential at the nanometer scale allows the detection and localization of hydrogen in the alloy.
检测、修补和缓解炼厂压力容器在湿H2S环境下发生开裂的
DOWNLOADABLE HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. Detection, repair, and mitigation of cracking of carbon steel pressure vessels, including columns, heat exchangers, drums, reboilers & separators in wet H2S petroleum refinery environments.