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This paper describes corrosion rate prediction models for the main corrosion mechanisms of carbon steel in Exploration and Production service. The models succeed earlier work by De Waard, Milliams, and Lotz.
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This is the final series of steps for the development of external corrosion direct assessment modification set by NACE 502 SP 2008 document. This work aims to provide the modified methodology based on a case study of a buried pipeline that is 110 km (68.35 miles) in length and 457.2 mm (18in) in diameter.
A laboratory study was performed by exposing seven candidate heat exchanger alloys to simulated 2 (sCO2) Brayton power cycles. The alloys, consisting of fineirtriaitilcly s 3te.6e%ls ,O austenitic stainless steels, and nickel-base alloys, were exposed to impure CO2 containing 2 and 5.3% H2O at a constant pressure of 200 bar.
In the current study, mild steel specimens (API 5L X65) were exposed to a 1 wt% NaCl solution sparged at 0.096 MPa pCO2 and 15 ×10-6 MPa or less pH2S (≤ 150 ppm H2S/CO2).
This paper discusses how precipitation of scales and corrosion products on the pipe surface along with other influencing factors contributed to the initiation of pits and finally failure of a wet gas pipeline in a sweet gas field, south of Iran.
Pitting corrosion of these steels in a high-temperature, high-CO2, low-H2S, and high-Cl- environment was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive detector (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Thermally sprayed CRA coatings can provide a cost-effective corrosion mitigation method for infrastructure in wet supercritical CO2 at 40°C and 80°C. The scales formed on the steel protected it from further corrosion in 10 MPa and 50 MPa CO2.
The corrosion behaviour of X65 steel in a mixed 1% H2S (in CO2) brine after exposure to a pure CO2-saturated brine at 40°C. The objective was to identify the scales formed and understand their effect on the corrosion performance of X65 steel upon transition from pure sweet to sour conditions.
Mild steel specimens (API 5L X65) were pretreated to form a pyrrhotite layer on the surface using high temperature sulfidation in oil, then exposed to a range of aqueous CO2 and H2S corrosion environments, leading to initiation of localized corrosion.
A 3-week corrosion testing of UNS N06625 was conducted in supercritical fluid at 350°C and 10 bars to simulate a geothermal environment where other alloys had been tested. Some localized corrosion occurred at a rate similar to previous results.
The paper summarizes the theoretical and test programs to validate the aluminum cladding solution – developed to overcome sulfide stress corrosion problems in high strength steel armors in H2S/CO2 containing environment.
Data were collected to study the effect of an imidazoline based inhibitor on reducing CO2 corrosion of low carbon steel in erosive environments. Lower erosion-corrosion material loss was measured with inhibitor than with the protective iron carbonate scale.