AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'cathodic protection'

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Efficiency of Cathodic Protection of Stainless Steel in Confined Area - Further Understanding of the Protection Mechanism through Experimental Testing and Modeling

Product Number: 51324-20639-SG

Author: Charles Leballeur; Jean Vittonato; Nicolas Larché; Hervé Marchebois

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Cathodic protection (CP) of carbon steel has been extensively studied for structures exposed to the open sea. However, the knowledge and data available for carbon steel cannot be directly applied to stainless steels, especially in the case of confined surfaces that are prone to crevice corrosion. In the context of stainless steels, confined surfaces (such as the contact surfaces of fasteners or valves) are critical zones as crevice corrosion represents the primary failure mode for passive alloys in seawater. With CP, the local potential achieved in confinement areas is highly dependent on various factors, including the actual geometries (crevice gap, length, local pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), ohmic drops, etc.). These factors can raise questions about the actual efficiency of CP if the current cannot reach the confined area. Conversely, if sufficient current can reach the confined area, the risk of hydrogen embrittlement (especially for strain-hardened or precipitation hardened alloys) should be taken into consideration. A specific experimental setup has been constructed to characterize the electrochemical behavior of stainless steel in a confined environment and the physicochemical properties of the confined seawater. The results have shown a complete deaeration of the confined seawater under all test conditions, along with an increase of the pH when CP is applied. The tests have also highlighted the significant impact of slight crevice gap variation on the current distribution. Based on the experimental findings, polarization curves representing confined environments have been generated. These curves have been integrated into a finite element model, allowing for the extrapolation of the experimental results to different crevice geometries. After a few centimeters, little to no current should be able to reach the confined surfaces if the crevice gap is inferior to 10µm. However, the risk of corrosion of stainless steels remains limited due to the local CP-induced chemistry at the interface. The CP also mitigates the ohmic drop in the confined area which also tend to reduce the risk of crevice corrosion.

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Enhancing Cathodic Protection System Design and Operation Efficiency by Numerical Modeling

Product Number: MECC23-20032-SG

Author: Seonyeob Li; Ashwaq Al Jasmi; Sungwon Jung; Il Yoo; Omar El Sinnary; Kyeong-Wan Park

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Cathodic protection (CP) is a well-established technique that effectively prevents corrosion of metals by adjusting the equilibrium potential of metallic structures in an electronegative direction. As the applied current increases, it reduces the anodic dissolution rate, thus leading to a decrease in the corrosion rate. The effectiveness of CP can be confirmed by measuring the protection potential values along the structures, ensuring the uniformity of the applied current, and observing the resultant potential distribution in the field.

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Environmentally Assisted Cracking Of Nickel Based Alloy 955 In Saltwater With Cathodic Protection For HPHT Application

Product Number: 51322-17768-SG

Author: Arshad B Gavanluei, Vipul Shinde, Manuel Marya, Ramgopal Thodla, Alexis Simon, Stanley Gregory

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Precipitation hardened (PH) Ni-based alloys have been utilized in oil and gas industry for decades. Among them, UNS1 N07718 because of its performance in sour wellbore fluids and in hydrogen charging environments has received the most attention for multiple upstream applications such as tubing hangers, production stab, multi-phase flow meter bodies, valve stems, etc. It has been reported that the alloy performance is generally acceptable for many applications up to 175 °C (350 °F) – 204 °C (400 °F) in the exposed wellbore environments such as sour production fluid, completion brine, and depending on metallurgical processing and microstructure externally exposed to SWCP at the seabed temperature.

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Evaluation of Cathodic Protection Effectiveness for Aboveground Storage Tanks

Product Number: 51323-19360-SG

Author: Pavan K. Shukla, Andrew Nordquist, Roderick E. Fuentes, Bruce J. Wiersma, Laurie Perry

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The need to evaluate effectiveness of the CP systems for the tank bottom applications arose after
completion of the PRCI-sponsored study (published in 2018) focused on evaluating VCIs’ performance
for mitigating the soil-side corrosion of AST bottoms. The 2018 PRCI-study objectives included
evaluating VCI effectiveness and comparing the VCI effectiveness data to active CP systems for ASTs
that were achieving AMPP (NACE) CP criteria for corrosion control. In the 2018-PRCI study, the
extensive amount of laboratory testing data and results indicated that VCIs are effective in mitigating
corrosion; however, a historical comparison of CP system effectiveness with VCIs for ASTs could not be
made due to a lack of documented CP effectiveness data.

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Evaluation of Corrosion Risk by DC Stray Current: a Study of the EN ISO 21857 Standard Criteria

Product Number: 51324-20623-SG

Author: Clemence Rogier; Aymeric Lopitaux; Dominique Gauthier; Ahmed Fakhry; Sylvain Fontaine

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

To assess and mitigate dynamic DC stray currents occurring on cathodically protected steel pipelines, the EN ISO 21857 standard was published in 2021. In this laboratory study, X70 steel ER probes buried in artificial soils under cathodic protection were submitted to anodic direct current influences. The impact on corrosion kinetics of anodic influences conditions was evaluated: triangular vs rectangular shape, anodic current densities from 0,1 to 10 A/m2, anodic period between 5 and 1800 s, and total anodic interference duration in one day from 0,5 to 10h. Soil environments were varied as well. More than 200 different test conditions were performed to better understand the parameters leading to a loss of metal. To complete this lab scale work, 8 on-site studies were performed as well. Real corrosion kinetics measured by corrosion probes were compared to corrosion risk prediction according to the new EN ISO 21857 standard. Pertinence of the criteria was demonstrated in this experimental study. It shows that to have the most precise prediction risk, reference levels such as defined by the standard (Eref and Jref) should be determined experimentally. In those conditions, 100% of real corrosion cases were predicted as such.

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Evaluation Of The KIEC Of UNS N07718 With And Without Delta Phase In Simulated Seawater With Cathodic Protection Using Double Cantilever Beam Tests

Product Number: 51321-16652-SG

Author: Adam C. Rowe; Suresh Divi

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Experimental Study and Finite Element Modelling of the Cathodic Protection Influence on Parallel Pipelines During Maintenance Operations

Product Number: 51324-20713-SG

Author: Erwan Diler; Yves Zannier; Alexandre Billot; Flavien Vucko; Tiphaine Lutzler

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Dense buried pipelines network, such as in implemented in parallel, can be installed in different process and storage mills, such as geological gas and hydrocarbon storages. Their corrosion resistance is ensured by a combination of organic coating and cathodic protection (CP). For maintenance operation on a specific pipeline, the CP can be turned off for safety reasons. Thus, the operated pipeline can be affected by CP influence from other surrounding protected ones. This phenomenon is supported in the field by different pigging inspections, highlighting local corrosion induced by output stray current on coating defects. In the literature, many studies focused on CP influences by finite and/or boundary element modeling. However, usually the foreign structures considered (under influence) are limited to bare steel or fully coated pipeline. Moreover, most of these studies are not confronted with experimental works. To our knowledge, the actual influence between the different pipelines is not much documented in the literature and not quantified. In this study, an experiment consisting in 3.00 x 1.80 x 0.80 m sand tank, equipped with 4 full scale parallel pipelines, with 17 model defects were realized. The model defects reproduce uniformly degraded coating and local defects. The experimental work allows i) measuring the DC influence under different CP configurations, and ii) providing stray current data for finite element modelling (FEM). The FEM was performed in a two steps i) a CP distribution in terms of current demand and electric field on protected pipelines, and ii) application of this electric field to the foreign pipeline. The good agreement obtained allows a validation the proposed approach and globally assess the riskier scenario in terms of nature of the defect, applied CP and soil environment.

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Fatigue And Static Crack Growth Rate Study Of X-65 Line Pipe Steel In Gas Transmission Pipeline Applications

Product Number: 51321-16721-SG

Author: Ashwini Chandra; Ramgopal Thodla; Joseph Tylczak; Margaret Ziomek-Moroz

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Feasibility Assessment for Cathodic Protection of High Level Nuclear Waste Tanks

Product Number: 51324-21160-SG

Author: Kenton Lawson; Bruce Wiersma; Barbara Nicole Padgett; Sandeep Chawla; John Beavers

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This paper summarizes an assessment of the feasibility of implementing cathodic protection (CP) as an internal corrosion prevention strategy for nuclear waste storage tanks. The study investigates the principles of cathodic protection and its applicability to the unique environment of nuclear waste storage. By reviewing the relevant literature, this research explores the various threats and challenges associated with implementing CP in this specific context. A boundary element analysis (BEA) model of a steel tank with a simplified impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system was developed using polarization curves that were experimentally measured from coupons in simulated waste. This model was developed to evaluate the interaction of electrochemical potentials of the various waste layers within the tank. The modeling results indicate that the simulated ICCP system is capable of shifting the polarized potentials of the internal tank surfaces to levels required to mitigate stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion.

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FEM Simulation Analysis Of The Pipe-Casing Under Cathodic Protection

Product Number: 51322-17713-SG

Author: Andrea Brenna, Luca Paterlini, Mehdi Attarchi, Marco Ormellese

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

A crossing between buried pipelines and transportation arteries such as railways and highways is a common reality. Nowdays it is ordinary practice, and standards are available for such pratctise¹, to protect such pipelines by encasing them in a wider pipe, named Casing. The goal is to protect the carrier pipe providing an outer shell capable of withstanding mechanical stresses and eventual corrosion, without leakage risk. In usual conditions this kind of safety measure should not be necessary, still due to the difficult maintenance and monitoring accessibility below railways and highways it becomes a dependable protection method and device.

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Field Data Collection for Cathodic Protection and Hydrogen Embrittlement of Super Duplex Stainless Steel for Deep Sea Application - Use of Low Voltage Anode

Product Number: 51324-20693-SG

Author: Nicolas Larché; Jean Vittonato; Anne-Marie Grolleau; Erwan Diler; Dominique Festy

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

High-strength steels (HSS) might undergo hydrogen embrittlement (HE) in seawater under cathodic protection (CP) with traditional Aluminum-Indium (Al-In) or zinc (Zn) galvanic anodes. The actual failure risk will also depend on metallurgy, mechanical properties and local loads. Even though super duplex stainless steels (SDSS) generally do not require CP, they can unintentionally become polarized due to electrical continuity with protected carbon steel structures. CP current demand and hydrogen evolution depend on various factors, like dissolved oxygen, temperature, flow, microbial activity, calcareous deposits, and depth. Hence, the risk of HE varies with exposure site and must be assessed. Aluminum-gallium (Al-Ga) is a low-voltage anodic material aimed at reducing protective potential to mitigate HE in high-strength steels in seawater. However, long-term field data is limited. This study aimed to gather long-term CP data for SDSS at different depths and seawater types, and to assess HE risk using Al-Ga vs. conventional anode materials. Instrumented anchored lines, including CP sensors, stressed samples, and environmental sensors were deployed for over a year in shallow, intermediary, and deep seawaters. Results showed varying cathodic current demands, with deep seawater having the highest. Biofilm formation on SDSS caused depolarization at all sites, with differences noted between sites. Al-Ga significantly reduced hydrogen-induced cracks in SDSS.

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Forensic Evaluation of Long-Term Galvanic Cathodic Protection of Bridge Pilings in a Marine Environment

Product Number: 51320-14485-SG

Author: Douglas L. Leng, Matthew Duncan, Ivan R. Lasa

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Marine environments can be very aggressive and present significant challenges in maintaining key infrastructure from the effects of corrosion. In Florida, thousands of bridges are in coastal areas and are continually, or periodically exposed to saltwater conditions. A clear majority of these bridges were constructed using steel reinforced concrete and are supported by precast pilings situated in saltwater, so for this reason, cathodic protection is a necessary strategy for controlling the effects of saltwater induced corrosion.

Toward the early 1980s, the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) began the evaluation of different approaches to control saltwater induced corrosion. Some of these included the use of integral pile jackets, specialty materials for concrete repairs, surface applied coatings and other innovative approaches utilizing galvanic anode technology. One such system was jointly developed with industry partners and sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) using integral pile jackets lined with expanded zinc mesh anodes to apply cathodic protection. This innovative approach provides for the problem of concrete repair while at the same time stopping the on-going process of corrosion both combined in one application. Both laboratory and field trials validated the benefits to this approach and confirmed that the system can mitigate corrosion and extend the useful service life of pilings by more than 20 years.

Products tagged with 'cathodic protection'

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