AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'cathodic protection'

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Design and Implementation of an Offshore Remote Monitoring System for Corrosion, Coating and Cathodic Protection Performance

Product Number: 51323-19265-SG

Author: Andreas Junker Olesen, Lars Vendelbo Nielsen, Lisbeth Rischel Hilbert, Frank Fontenay

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Remote monitoring of corrosion and cathodic protection using various methods have matured for decades with the onshore pipeline industry. With increasing activity offshore, and the highly corrosive and inaccessible environment taken into consideration, it is only natural that remote monitoring technology will find its way into this field. Offshore structures of steel are protected against corrosion with protective coatings and/or cathodic protection.

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Detecting Hidden Integrity Threats Using CP Current In-Line Inspection Tools

Product Number: 51317--8883-SG

ISBN: 8883 2017 CP

Author: David Williams

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper provides case histories from four (4) successful Cathodic Protection Current In-line Inspections (CPC-ILI). Details of the findings and actions taken by the clients are presented.

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Effect of Chemical Environment and pH on AC Corrosion of Cathodically Protected Structures

Product Number: 51317--9352-SG

ISBN: 9352 2017 CP

Author: Andreas Junker-Holst

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

AC corrosion of structures under cathodic protection (CP) is a major concern for pipelines. This work investigates the effect of soil constituents - earth alkali elements Ca and Mg - believed to have a large influence on the precipitation of hydroxides and carbonates in front of a coating damage.

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Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate of Low Alloy Steels in Saltwater with Cathodic Protection Environment

Product Number: 51323-18913-SG

Author: Arshad Bajvani Gavanluei, Jenny Crump, Joseph Wilhelmi, Jack Smith, Paul D. Bunch

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Low alloy steels (LAS) are widely used in the marine and offshore oil and gas industry for various applications from bolting to large pressure containing heavy wall forgings. These materials are subject to various types of corrosion (general or uniform, pitting, crevice, etc.) and degradation in seawater environment. However, their selection for the applications, in comparison with stainless steels and corrosion resistant alloys, is justified due to their availability, manufacturability, proven service history, and lower cost.

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Effect of Environmental and Flow Process Conditions on Impressed Current Cathodic Protection System in a Petrochemical Installation

Product Number: 51324-20619-SG

Author: Ernesto Santana; Kent Jedig; Lars Jung;

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The protection against corrosion of the pipelines of the Crossbridge refinery in the West of Denmark is described in this paper. During years the pipelines in this refinery suffered significant external corrosion despite a Cathodic Protection, CP, system was in place to protect two different environments, onshore and offshore, from one sole location. Of all the pipelines being under cathodic protection, one suffered from severe corrosion at specific locations. Initially, the CP system was intensively evaluated with the outcome that a replacement of the pipeline was the best option. However, only after detail investigation of the process, the installation of online ER-probes to monitor current, potential and corrosion rates and the evaluation of the foreign pipelines the possible issues were identified. Environmental conditions, soil and sea water resistivity, flow temperatures and foreign district heating pipeline all affected the corrosion of the largest of the export pipeline, a 24” pipeline. Conclusions of the investigation, updated design and mitigation measures will be described in this paper.

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Effect Of Soil Environment On Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior Of X60 Steel

Product Number: 51322-17705-SG

Author: Wang Xiuyun, Yang Zhiwen, Wang Yao, Xing Yunying, Feng Min, Chen Yingfeng, Liu Xiaotong, Zhang Lei

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

With the rapid development of China's economy, energy and transportation industries have developed rapidly, and more and more oil and gas pipelines and urban rail transit have been built and put into use. Urban rail transportation systems, such as subways or light rail, generally use direct current traction and backflow through the rail. Because the track is not completely insulated from the earth, it is inevitable that some electric current will be discharged from the track to the earth to form stray electric current, which will cause interference to the surrounding metal components such as buried oil and gas pipelines.

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Effective Pipeline Corrosion Monitoring in Regions Impacted by External DC Polarization Factors

Product Number: 51324-21132-SG

Author: Angel R. Kowalski; Jason Charles Land; W. Brain Holtsbaum

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Effective pipeline external corrosion control can be achieved by maintaining an adequate balance between the coating condition and the cathodic protection level. When a pipeline is in a corridor shared with parallel buried pipelines and high voltage alternating current (HVAC) power transmission lines, determining the adequacy of the cathodic protection (CP) system becomes a challenge. Misinterpretation of data being collected, or unreliable data can lead to the implementation of either ineffective or excessive mitigation programs for these pipelines. To obtain a better representation of the year-round performance of the CP system, additional testing to the conventional adjustive survey or close interval potential survey (CIPS or CIS) might be required on transmission pipelines collocated in HVAC corridors. The variation of the structure-to-electrolyte potential values over time and the effect of polarization cell replacement (PCR) units should be assessed when determining the level of polarization of the pipeline. Data from a case study is analyzed to illustrate additional testing procedures required to minimize the effects of HVAC systems when monitoring the CP level on transmission pipelines. The proper interpretation of the field monitoring data allows pipeline operators to develop and implement effective corrosion control mitigation plans.

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Efficiency of Cathodic Protection of Stainless Steel in Confined Area - Further Understanding of the Protection Mechanism through Experimental Testing and Modeling

Product Number: 51324-20639-SG

Author: Charles Leballeur; Jean Vittonato; Nicolas Larché; Hervé Marchebois

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Cathodic protection (CP) of carbon steel has been extensively studied for structures exposed to the open sea. However, the knowledge and data available for carbon steel cannot be directly applied to stainless steels, especially in the case of confined surfaces that are prone to crevice corrosion. In the context of stainless steels, confined surfaces (such as the contact surfaces of fasteners or valves) are critical zones as crevice corrosion represents the primary failure mode for passive alloys in seawater. With CP, the local potential achieved in confinement areas is highly dependent on various factors, including the actual geometries (crevice gap, length, local pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), ohmic drops, etc.). These factors can raise questions about the actual efficiency of CP if the current cannot reach the confined area. Conversely, if sufficient current can reach the confined area, the risk of hydrogen embrittlement (especially for strain-hardened or precipitation hardened alloys) should be taken into consideration. A specific experimental setup has been constructed to characterize the electrochemical behavior of stainless steel in a confined environment and the physicochemical properties of the confined seawater. The results have shown a complete deaeration of the confined seawater under all test conditions, along with an increase of the pH when CP is applied. The tests have also highlighted the significant impact of slight crevice gap variation on the current distribution. Based on the experimental findings, polarization curves representing confined environments have been generated. These curves have been integrated into a finite element model, allowing for the extrapolation of the experimental results to different crevice geometries. After a few centimeters, little to no current should be able to reach the confined surfaces if the crevice gap is inferior to 10µm. However, the risk of corrosion of stainless steels remains limited due to the local CP-induced chemistry at the interface. The CP also mitigates the ohmic drop in the confined area which also tend to reduce the risk of crevice corrosion.

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Enhancing Cathodic Protection System Design and Operation Efficiency by Numerical Modeling

Product Number: MECC23-20032-SG

Author: Seonyeob Li; Ashwaq Al Jasmi; Sungwon Jung; Il Yoo; Omar El Sinnary; Kyeong-Wan Park

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Cathodic protection (CP) is a well-established technique that effectively prevents corrosion of metals by adjusting the equilibrium potential of metallic structures in an electronegative direction. As the applied current increases, it reduces the anodic dissolution rate, thus leading to a decrease in the corrosion rate. The effectiveness of CP can be confirmed by measuring the protection potential values along the structures, ensuring the uniformity of the applied current, and observing the resultant potential distribution in the field.

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Environmentally Assisted Cracking Of Nickel Based Alloy 955 In Saltwater With Cathodic Protection For HPHT Application

Product Number: 51322-17768-SG

Author: Arshad B Gavanluei, Vipul Shinde, Manuel Marya, Ramgopal Thodla, Alexis Simon, Stanley Gregory

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Precipitation hardened (PH) Ni-based alloys have been utilized in oil and gas industry for decades. Among them, UNS1 N07718 because of its performance in sour wellbore fluids and in hydrogen charging environments has received the most attention for multiple upstream applications such as tubing hangers, production stab, multi-phase flow meter bodies, valve stems, etc. It has been reported that the alloy performance is generally acceptable for many applications up to 175 °C (350 °F) – 204 °C (400 °F) in the exposed wellbore environments such as sour production fluid, completion brine, and depending on metallurgical processing and microstructure externally exposed to SWCP at the seabed temperature.

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Evaluation of Cathodic Protection Effectiveness for Aboveground Storage Tanks

Product Number: 51323-19360-SG

Author: Pavan K. Shukla, Andrew Nordquist, Roderick E. Fuentes, Bruce J. Wiersma, Laurie Perry

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The need to evaluate effectiveness of the CP systems for the tank bottom applications arose after
completion of the PRCI-sponsored study (published in 2018) focused on evaluating VCIs’ performance
for mitigating the soil-side corrosion of AST bottoms. The 2018 PRCI-study objectives included
evaluating VCI effectiveness and comparing the VCI effectiveness data to active CP systems for ASTs
that were achieving AMPP (NACE) CP criteria for corrosion control. In the 2018-PRCI study, the
extensive amount of laboratory testing data and results indicated that VCIs are effective in mitigating
corrosion; however, a historical comparison of CP system effectiveness with VCIs for ASTs could not be
made due to a lack of documented CP effectiveness data.