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Pipeline steels higher than API X80 grade ad subject to hydrogen embrittlement risk induced by the hydrogen evolution effect under cathodic protection. This paper focuses on the hydrogen embrittlement behaviors of API X70, X80 and X90 high strength pipeline steel under cathodic protection in soil simulation conditions.
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At the request of a fabricator and coater of steel pipe and structural members, the authors undertook an investigation of painted steel piles at a marine commerce terminal in coastal New England. This company was concerned when the owners suspected a potential corrosion problem with the steel piles, and we were asked to perform the investigation. The investigation included a review of relevant engineering specifications and other documents, an on-site field investigation, and laboratory analysis of samples collected.
Steel is a common material for the construction of large infrastructures. It is a main constituent used for building of, offshore drilling platforms, steel cast dock, pipeline in seabed, coastal bridges and ship hulls. Corrosion of offshore structures is a serious matter in terms of degradation and deterioration of these structures in a corrosive electrolyte such as seawater, which could lead to fatigue cracks, brittle failure and unstable failure.
There have been several studies and publications over the past decade that clearly illustrate how initial assumptions about monopile interiors being perfectly sealed compartments were not correct in practice. Oxygen ingress through various points in the monopile contributes to persistent internal corrosion, and planned inspections are also opportunities to introduce fresh oxygen into the monopile. The replenishment of oxygen has been found to continue the corrosion reaction between the monopile wall and entrapped water.
Enbridge is proposing to develop a program that utilizes state-of-the-art technologies and proven inspection methods to prescribe interventions related to external corrosion mitigation using a predictive, integrated approach. This new program embraces complex problems by collecting, analyzing, and integrating environmental, pipeline integrity, and corrosion control data to predict external corrosion risk with sound engineering models (mechanistic, reliability and risk) to anticipate, prevent, and contain unexpected events.
The Santa Ynez Unit (SYU) consists of three offshore platforms and an onshore oil and natural gas processing facility in Goleta, California. The platforms are located between five to nine miles offshore in federal waters. The construction of SYU began in 1976 in the Santa Barbara County in California with the platform Hondo (HO) which, started operations in 1981 to supply the domestic California market.
There is a long and successful history of using linear anodes to cathodically protect older generation pipelines with aging coatings. The use of linear anodes to address poor cathodic protection distribution has proven to be easier and more cost effective than large scale recoating projects. While the use of linear anodes is common in the United States, there are many similar vintage pipelines in Europe, the Middle East and Asia which struggle with the same challenges and for whom this technology should be of great interest.
Managing aging reinforced concrete infrastructure is a complex and capital-intensive task, particularly in harsh marine and coastal environments. Corrosion from saltwater, coupled with wet and dry cycles, are particularly problematic for long-term durability of reinforced concrete. The Gulf Coast presents a challenge for maintaining service life of concrete structures that are exposed to high levels of chlorides, either by direct contact with salty or brackish water or by indirect contact with salt spray. Chlorides induce corrosion of the steel reinforcement which initiates cracking and spalling of the concrete, reducing the service life of the structure.
As known, ISO 15589-1 and SP0169 protection criteria refers to IR-Free potentials values to be met by applying cathodic protection to limit corrosion rate and, at the same time, to avoid overprotection: in this respect, according to the type of currents influencing the metallic structure, European standard EN 13509 proposes different measurement techniques for measuring IR Free potential.
A model was developed to study the effects on the CP coupon current density and interpretation of the CP coupon data for a given holiday. The model results indicate that the most dominant factor affecting coupon is the size, followed by corrosion potential.
The direct current electrical treatments are applied with the aim of improving corrosion resistance of steel embedded in concrete. It is the impressed current cathodic protection in both widely used modes – preventive or remedial, electrochemical chloride extraction, realkalization of carbonated concrete and electrochemical injection of protective agents. All the treatments are similar to each other in its principle and arrangement.
Eliminating and mitigating corrosion is one of the major objectives that oil-and-gas industries are adopting to enhance and optimize the life of their assets. It is achieved by applying scientifically proven concepts that allows industries to with stand corrosion impacts, such as: cathodic protection. It is an electrochemical technique that controls a corrosion cycle by shifting the reaction and electrical potential of the metal surface, which requires protection, from anodic oxidized region to cathodic reduced region.