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This standard practice presents guidelines for preplanning for, recovering from, and repassivation after a low pH excursion in open recirculating water systems, no matter what the cause. The procedures presented in this standard inno way preclude the use of other procedures but are presented as best practices developed over years of experienceinavarietyofplants.Theprovisionsofthisstandardshouldbeappliedunderthedirectionofqualifiedwater-treatmentpersonnelfromwater-treatmentsuppliersand/orconsultants andplantpersonnel.
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Keywords: Open recirculating cooling water, cooling tower, low pH excursion, repassivation, biofouling, hydraulic balance, heat exchanger, corrosion inhibitor, dispersant, water treatment, chemical treatment, SC 18
Produced fluids in O&G sector in general do not contain oxygen, but oxygen ingress can occur at locations. Examples of such spaces can include but not limited to vapor space in tanks, custody transfers, injection pumps, vapor recovery systems, operating pumps with faulty seals, pipelines that are not properly purged of oxygen during commissioning operations, gas lift operations, methanol use or pigging operations.This contamination of O2 in sweet/sour systems can lead to oxygen induced corrosion and may cause high general and pitting corrosion rates and failures.
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The purpose of this document is to provide guidance on materials selection and corrosion control for engineers in the design and identification of operating limits for projects that involve CO2 transport and injection. It should be used as a guide to help identify specific requirements which can be tailored for each project rather than as definitive requirements used straight from the document. References are also made to other relevant documents and standards. The guidance provided for an initial design should help the engineer focus on the most critical issues related to CO2 transport and injection. It is a rapidly growing subject area and much exploratory technical work is still being executed, and as such this document should be seen as a starting point with future updates and new insights to be expected.
Carbon and low-alloy steels in plate form and their welded products may be susceptible to one or more forms of environmental cracking when exposed to wet H2S service conditions. These include, for example, (1) sulfide stress cracking (SSC) of hard zones and welds; (2) hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) in the parent metal; and (3) stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking (SOHIC) in the region adjacent to welds of nominally acceptable hardness. Extensive work has been conducted over many years to understand various fundamental and applied aspects of these phenomena. Experiences in refinery wet H2S operations have directed particular attention to understanding SOHIC and the various metallurgical and environmental parameters that govern its occurrence.
Scope
This standard was prepared to provide a test method for consistent evaluation of pipeline and pressure vessel steels to SOHIC caused by hydrogen absorption from aqueous sulfide corrosion. The test conditions are not designed to simulate any specific service environment. The test is intended to evaluate resistance to SOHIC only, and not to other adverse effects of sour environments such as sulfide stress cracking (SSC), pitting, or mass loss from corrosion.