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Each element & molecule has its own typical natural oscillation. The aim is to influence the original oscillation of the element through in such a way that ultimately the physical properties of the element or of the molecule are modified in the water. The results are rust molecules disintegrate in an unstable form and are washed out.
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Recycled water quality must be evaluated to determine its potential impact on the equipment the cooling water contacts. This paper identifies the impact of various recycled water ingredients that could either be harmful or beneficial to the equipment the cooling water contacts. Case histories. Guidelines.
In a bioinspired approach, we have used (as scale inhibitors) several non-toxic, “green” polyelectrolytes that possess “active” chemical moieties, capable of stabilizing silicic acid, for a prolonged time period. These additives include either neutral or charged polymers that stabilize two soluble forms of “Si”, silicic and disilicic acids.
In this paper, we will present a study that is aimed at understanding the relative rates of reactions between oxidizers and bacteria, iron sulfide, H2S, other oxidizable compounds present in produced waters and the overall impact on metal corrosion.
This paper looks at one major water and wastewater municipality with an established system for external corrosion control. Details of their systematic approach, how it developed and is applied, are included.
This paper demonstrates a spreadsheet tool developed to evaluate life-cycle costs for specific cases using economic principles and professionally developed cost estimates.
This paper details the use of non-phosphate and non-zinc corrosion inhibitors, able to rapidly passivate and protect galvanized coatings.
This standard practice presents guidelines for preplanning for, recovering from, and repassivation after a low pH excursion in open recirculating water systems, no matter what the cause. The procedures presented in this standard inno way preclude the use of other procedures but are presented as best practices developed over years of experienceinavarietyofplants.Theprovisionsofthisstandardshouldbeappliedunderthedirectionofqualifiedwater-treatmentpersonnelfromwater-treatmentsuppliersand/orconsultants andplantpersonnel.
Establishment of criteria for the pilot-scale evaluation of the performance of cooling water additives under field-specific operating conditions.
Many pipelines within water and wastewater treatment plants that were constructed within the last 50 years are nearing the end of their service lives. Owners have invested in condition assessments to help them make the difficult decision to repair or replace these pipelines.
An emerging market driver in industrial water treatment is the move to more sustainable chemistries. Corporate sustainability goals are becoming more common and more stringent. Customers are turning to water treatment companies for innovative solutions that can satisfy their sustainability goals and not sacrifice performance or asset integrity. Indeed, a major trend in evaporative open cooling water treatment is to move away from heavy metals such as zinc and other environmentally questionable materials such as phosphates. Another area of cooling water that is in need of a sustainability refresh is closed cooling loops. The most widespread closed cooling treatment programs are based on combinations of nitrite, molybdate, and borate. All three of these chemicals have regulatory, discharge and/or SH&E concerns.
Reinforced concrete is the most common building material in water and wastewater treatment facilities. It is very common to see unprotected concrete in severely corrosive environments or corroding reinforcing steel that has been exposed due to construction defects or coating failures. The decision to coat new and existing concrete structures can be very difficult for owners due to the cost, turn-around times for putting structures back into service, and lack of confidence in certain protective coatings.