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AM brings significant benefits in better performance, inventory management, and lifecycle cost reduction to the Oil & Gas industry. Both manufacturers and users are working towards AM qualification and standardization in order to realize and sustain these benefits. Starting at the product level, the goal is to ensure the product is sound in its form, fit, and function, and free from macroscopic (surface, sub-surface, internal) anomalies deleterious to its performance. Product qualification is supported by a foundational metallurgical or AM material qualification.1
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High temperature sulfidation (or sulfidic) corrosion of steel by sulfur species in crude oil has long been known to damage refinery equipment. Corrosion engineers have been using prediction curves derived from field corrosion data to estimate rates of sulfidation corrosion. However, a significant inaccuracy is often encountered in these estimations because of the extensive diversity in molecular structures of sulfur compounds in crude oils.
All three parts of ANSI/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 with changes made to the 2009 edition and published in the 2015 edition marked for easy reference. The changes are clearly shown.
Supplement API Standard 11AX (6th ed., 1971) specifying the material requirements of metallic materials for the construction of sucker-rod pumps for service in hydrogen sulfide environments. Only pumps with one-piece barrels and metal plungers have been considered in this standard.
HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. Testing of metals subjected to tensile stresses for resistance to cracking failure in low-pH aqueous environments containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Covers sulfide stress cracking and stress corrosion cracking.
This standard addresses the testing of metals for resistance to cracking under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in aqueous environments containing hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This phenomenon is generally termed sulfide stress cracking (SSC) when operating at temperatures near or below ambient and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) when operating at higher temperatures. In recognition of the variation in temperature and with different materials, this phenomenon is herein called environmentally assisted cracking (EAC). For the purposes of this standard, EAC includes only SSC, SCC, and hydrogen stress cracking (HSC).
HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. Conducting four-point bend tests to evaluate resistance of metals to sulfide stress and stress corrosion cracking. Determine aggressiveness of environments. Qualify and rank metals for service
Four-point bend testing is used extensively in the oil and gas industry to evaluate resistance of metals to sulfide stress cracking and stress corrosion cracking. The face of the specimen to be tested is stressed in tension and the reverse face in compression. The test is carried out for a specified exposure period with the specimen held under constant displacement using compact loading jigs. The compact nature of the jigs enables testing of several specimens in the test vessel simultaneously. Despite the apparent simplicity of the test, there are many factors that can influence the test results. The purpose of this standard is to establish a reliable methodology for conducting the tests to enhance repeatability and reproducibility of test data. The results of the tests can then be used with greater confidence to rank the performance of metals, the relative aggressiveness of environments, and to provide a basis for qualifying metals for service application. As such, the standard will be of particular benefit to materials and corrosion engineers in the oil and gas sector and to test laboratories providing critical data.
The super-austenitic grade Alloy 35Mo has recently been developed and already been installed in shell-and- tube heat exchangers globally. The grade has shown excellent results in different laboratory tests. However, the grade must also be tested in industrial environments, which will take some time until results can been obtained.
Produced water recycling for hydraulic fracturing (fracking) operations has been an increasingly common practice to support oil and gas development in the Permian Basin. Aside from the economic benefits associated with reusing the water produced which is a byproduct of oil and gas operations, recycling reduces both the need for sourcing water (brackish or fresh) from the environment as well as the volume of produced water requiring disposal. Produced water ponds support successful recycling by providing temporary storage of recycled water and volume buffer for fracking. Raw produced water is usually treated in recycling facilities before being stored in the ponds.
Odor control systems are critical to handling and treating foul air in wastewater collection systems and treatment plants. However, odor control systems do not stop corrosion related to biogenic sulfide formation of sulfuric acid as some engineers would have you believe. Conversely if you have an odor problem you also typically have a corrosion problem, and each problem requires separate control strategies.