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Corrosion of the internal surfaces of pipelines is one of the serious issues facing the oil and gas industry. Produced oil and gas always contain some water mixed with brines and contain varying amounts of carbon dioxide (sweet gas), hydrogen sulfide (sour gas) and organic acids1. All of these can affect the integrity of the low-carbon steel pipes used in the construction of downhole gas wells. CO2 gas, along with the high salt content of production water, causes serious corrosion on the internal walls of corrosion resistance alloys (CRAs) and steel pipelines used in downhole gas wells.
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The catastrophic failure of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) carbon steel C110 pipelines can cause huge economic loss and environmental pollution. Most studies reported that sulfide stress cracking (SSC) is the principal failure type of C110 pipelines in sour environments. The mechanism of SSC can be described as follows: The adsorbed H2S on the steel surface can accelerate the hydrogen uptake by accelerating the hydrogen reduction reaction and catalyzing the hydrogen absorption process. The absorbed hydrogen atoms accumulate in the stress-concentrated region.
Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) is the largest producer of water by its different water desalination plants distributed around the kingdom. Produced water is transmitted through underground pipelines. These pipelines are more than 8,000 KM in length and varying diameter from 8 thru 75 in.
H2S corrosion, also known as sour corrosion, is a very serious type of metal degradation in oil and gas transmission pipelines. When H2S is present in an operating pipeline, localized corrosion is the type of attack which contributes to the most failures in oilfields, consequently, its impact on the economics of oil and gas production is indisputable. Therefore, mitigation of this type of corrosion could prevent such failures and significantly enhance asset integrity while reducing maintenance costs as well as eliminating environmental damage.
Electrification of road transport requires the development of components with improved performance, especially in terms of corrosion resistance.This is particularly true for safety elements such as the disc-brake system. Indeed, regenerative braking, which is used in electric vehicles, significantly reduces the wear of brake system components thus generating the need of brakes with a service life comparable to the vehicle life.
Nanolaminar or nanostructured zinc-nickel electrodeposited coatings are compliant with the composition requirements of ASTM B841 and F1941 (12 to 16% Ni: balance Zn). The term nanolaminar refers to the successive thin layered deposition of nanostructured grains (≈ 25nm); accomplished by modulating the electrodeposition into a waveform applied at defined time periods and varying current densities. Standard electroplating in contrast, applies a continuous DC current throughout the electrodeposition process, resulting in grains that while initially fine will coarsen as a function of thickness ranging to the micrometer range.
Global demand for hydrogen is growing, increasing to 94 MT in 2021. Most of that consumption came from refining, ammonia and methanol production and direct iron-ore reduction for steel making, but 40 kT was for new applications. Numerous projects around the world have established ambitious goals for increasing hydrogen utilization by 2030 (potentially to around 115 MT), across multiple sectors, including industry, transportation and power.
Traditionally, oil recovery operations are subdivided into primary, secondary and tertiary stages. EOR is commonly classified as tertiary recovery, where gases, liquid chemicals and thermal energy can be used to enhance the displacement of reservoir fluids. Different sources divide EOR into two to five categories, one particular method, polymer flooding, is based on increasing the fluid viscosity by adding a polymer to the injected water. Polymer EOR is a mobility-control process using a polymer-augmented waterflood, typically a solution of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) or polysaccharides, which is injected to displace oil towards production wells.
As onshore pipeline rights-of-way become more congested and urban sprawl increases, the number of horizontal directional drills (HDDs) will likely increase. HDD is a trenchless pipeline installation method that requires drilling a larger pilot hole where the mainline pipe can be subsequently pulled through the drilled hole. However, HDDs have an increased probability for coating damage, even when coated with traditional mill or field applied abrasion resistant overcoat (ARO).
Atmospheric corrosion proceeds via several processes that proceed in sequence and/or parallelacross multiple classes of matter (the atmosphere, condensed aqueous solution, polymer coatings, oxidescales, precipitated salts, and microstructurally heterogeneous metal alloys). Multiple physical andchemical phenomena contribute to the process of corrosion, including mass-transport, electrochemicaleffects, metal dissolution, grain-boundary transport, etc. For this reason, it is difficult to directly predict,using fundamental physics or chemical principles, the corrosion rate of a metal in its environment.
In the Oil and Gas industry, carbon steel tubing, piping and process equipment may be susceptible to erosion-corrosion damage due to the erosive and corrosive nature of the flow. To minimize the harsh effects and costly losses of erosion-corrosion, corrosion resistance alloys (CRAs) and corrosion inhibitors are commonly used. CRAs such as stainless steels, nickel and titanium alloys have excellent CO2 corrosion resistance.
Fluoroethylene vinyl ether (FEVE) resins were developed to overcome some of the challenges of traditional fluoropolymer resins exhibited in paint coatings. FEVE resins are synthesized from two monomers, fluoroethylene, and vinyl ether. When these monomers undergo radical polymerization, they produce amorphous A-B-type polymers shown below (Figure 1).