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The need to evaluate effectiveness of the CP systems for the tank bottom applications arose aftercompletion of the PRCI-sponsored study (published in 2018) focused on evaluating VCIs’ performancefor mitigating the soil-side corrosion of AST bottoms. The 2018 PRCI-study objectives includedevaluating VCI effectiveness and comparing the VCI effectiveness data to active CP systems for ASTsthat were achieving AMPP (NACE) CP criteria for corrosion control. In the 2018-PRCI study, theextensive amount of laboratory testing data and results indicated that VCIs are effective in mitigatingcorrosion; however, a historical comparison of CP system effectiveness with VCIs for ASTs could not bemade due to a lack of documented CP effectiveness data.
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Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) has many attractive features as a working fluid including its low critical point (31°C/73.8 bar) and the reduced work of compression compared to an ideal gas. Thus, it is being explored for many different applications including fossil, nuclear, geothermal, concentrating solar power (CSP) and waste heat recovery. However, CO2 environments are known to carburize steels6-20 which limits their usage to lower temperatures (450°C21 for 9%Cr steels) than in steam boilers.
The Effluent Treatment Facility (ETF) at the Hanford nuclear-waste storage facility is a waste treatmentfacility permitted under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA). The facility removes radioactive and hazardous contaminants from various sources such as condensate wastewatergenerated by 242-A Evaporator campaigns, groundwater projects, solid waste disposal facilities, andother Hanford clean-up activities. The waste processed by the ETF is substantially more dilute than thewaste stored in the tanks.
The essence of this paper is to talk about internal corrosion found in deadleg piping at the Enbridge Gas Transmission, & Midstream (GTM) Egan Hub Partners Storage Facility and especially how the corrosion was evaluated after the deadlegs were removed. The salt dome cavern storage facility is in south central Louisiana. The internal corrosion was found in the piping that comes from the storage caverns and goes through pressure reduction stations and then through dehydrations systems.
Carbon capture and storage as well as sequestration (CCS) and carbon capture and utilization (CCU) has been gaining immense importance in recent times as one of the practically achievable solutions to reduce global CO2 emissions, especially from industrial sources and thus reduce global warming. The use of different commercially available amine formulations is a well-established and widely used technology to capture the CO2 gas from industrial gas streams. Amines in liquid form, mostly mixed with water as well as in solid form, many times incorporated in nanomaterials are used to capture CO2 from industrial gas streams, eg., tail gas from power plants.
Hydrogen gas (H2) is touted for potential as future fuel as it could be a way to convert excess energy produced when demand is lower. Depending on the source of excess energy used for conversion to Hydrogen this process could have low or no carbon footprint. This Hydrogen gas could then be stored and used for electricity, transportation, chemical processes when the demand arises similar to how natural gas is being used currently. Thus, storage of Hydrogen in vast volumes would be one of the key elements for the success of Hydrogen as a future fuel
Erosion, a mechanical process during which material is removed from the pipelines and other flow-containing equipment, can occur when solid particles such as sand are carried by the flow. Erosion is more critical when there is a change in the flow direction, such as particle-laden flows in elbows and tees.
While experimentation is a possible approach to obtain erosion rates, the conditions under which tests could be performed are limited in some respects.
As using underground infrastructures, such as heat transport facilities continues for a long time, damage cases due to corrosion continue to occur. Therefore, it is essential to understand the corrosion behavior of underground metal facilities in terms of safety and economy. Many studies have been conducted on the corrosion of pipeline steels in soil.
Over the past two decades, bio-based fuel-grade ethanols (BFGEs), derived from a variety of agriculture feedstocks (e.g., corn, sugar cane, soybean oil, and sugar beet), are increasingly being used as a renewable energy source to reduce the dependence of fossil fuels for motor vehicle applications. One cost-effective and environmentally benign way to transport BFGEs is through steel transmission pipelines. However, cases of environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) in the transportation of BFGEs have been documented including some in pipelines.
Protection of aboveground water storage tank bottom plates against soil side corrosion is an important concern for the oil and gas industry, particularly when considering long-term continuous operation requirements for these assets. Corrosion of the tank bottom plates is mainly due to the formation of galvanic corrosion cells on the soil side. This galvanic corrosion cell formation is more pronounced if the tank content is stored at elevated temperature and/or located in aggressive soil.
Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly referred to as 3D printing, offers advantages over traditionalproduction methods, such as quick prototyping, short production runs and intricate, thin section,microfluidic, variable composition, and low-waste designs. These exciting features are accompanied bynew challenges, such as higher costs, the possibility of variable quality, and inherently anisotropicproperties.
Existing AM technologies include 3D printing, rapid prototyping (RP), direct digital manufacturing (DDM),selective laser melting (SLM), and direct metal laser Sintering (DMLS).
Rotary shouldered connections are commonly used in the oil and gas industry as the preferred connection method between drill string elements. A wide variety of materials are used in the drillstring make up, each with different properties and galling behavior. Non-magnetic austenitic stainless steel (AuSS) alloys are frequently used in measurement/logging-while-drilling (M/LWD) tools. CrMnN AuSS were commonly used to produce M/LWD tools and have decent galling resistance but are prone to failure due to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) during operation.