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EN Engineering (ENE) completed an AC interference study over 68 miles of an operator’s transmission line. In addition, an ACVG survey of approximately one (1) mile of the pipeline was conducted at the take-off point of the 8” line. As a result of this AC interference study, evidence of elevated AC corrosion risk has not been found on the operator’s pipeline. However, a review of the provided data shows evidence of DC interference due to a nearby foreign rectifier groundbed at the take-off point of the operator’s line.
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Corrosion has long been recognized as an extremely costly naturally occurring phenomenon that can be controlled through the proper application of corrosion prevention and control methods protecting public safety, extending the service life of assets and preventing damage to property and the environment. The landmark Cost of Corrosion Study published by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration estimated that corrosion costs were approximately 3.1% of the nation’s GDP. Within the study, several key sectors of the US economy were studied. This paper is focused on one of those areas – the corrosion risks associated with storage tanks that contain hazardous materials. The study determined that the annual direct cost of corrosion for above ground hazardous material storage tanks (ASTs) in the US was ~$4.5 billion.
The Enbridge External Corrosion Prevention team (ECP) is developing an Integrated External Corrosion Management (IECM) process by which management of external corrosion control systems can be optimized whilemaintaining asset integrity and safety. IECM is intended to provide a methodology by which operators can move from a traditional reactive approach to a state-of-the-art proactive strategy commensurate with industry expertise and technology. Here we discuss a case study intended to demonstrate and assess the outcomes of IECM. The subject is a 12-inch diameter crude oil pipeline located in North America. Results of the process reveal opportunities for improvement and efficiencies in operation and maintenance (O&M).
In the recent years, the reduction of the environmental footprint of industrial processes is gaining momentum, targeting the carbon neutrality. This also involves Aluminum industry, in which the use of secondary (e.g. recycled) alloys is a possible solution in order to decrease the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Indeed, raw materials produced starting from secondary Aluminum show GHG emission values up to one order of magnitude lower with respect to their primary equivalents.
In 2002 NACE International published a cost of corrosion study backed by the U. S. Federal Highway and Safety Administration estimating the annual cost of corrosion in the U. S. to be $276 billion. In the more detailed breakdown of these costs by industry/market segment the cost associated with the water and wastewater utilities segment in the “Utilities” category was estimated at $36 billion. The water and wastewater utilities segment represented the single largest cost segment in the study. The $36 billion estimate for this single segment of the Utilities category represented more cost than any of the other four categories: Transportation, Infrastructure, Government, and Manufacturing & Production.
Corrosion in Mooring systems for permanently moored floating production units has been identified as a problem area by authorities as well as industry. A Joint Industry Project (JIP) initiated by the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) with participation from major global oil and gas operators as well as equipment suppliers was established in 2014 to review the problem area. 1 Studies performed as a part of this program have shown that especially mooring chains located in tropical waters have shown signs of rapid corrosion, both general and localized with corrosion rates significantly larger than those specified in design standards. Increased corrosion allowance, as well as increased inspection requirements, have been recommended and corrosion has been reported as the leading cause for pre-emptive replacement of mooring.
Only a few researchers have studied the effect of carbon fiber repair on corrosion processes. The main protective effect is the "protective barrier" which is sometimes called passive protection against corrosion, comparable to some techniques such as anticorrosion coatings of concrete structures. Indeed, CFRP materials, applied as external reinforcing material on reinforced concrete structures form a protective barrier against the penetration of moisture and pollutants such as chlorides or carbon dioxide.1.2.3.4.5 Apart from this impermeable barrier action, it has been found in these studies that the confinement of CFRP concrete has a positive influence on the onset of corrosion and on its velocity. Very little research has investigated the coupling between mechanical reinforcement and impressed current system.6,7,8
Picture for Challenges and Solutions with Polymer, Polymer-Like Carbon, and Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings Against Geothermal Scaling and Corrosion Picture for Challenges and Solutions with Polymer, Polymer-Like Carbon, and Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings Against Geothermal Scaling and Corrosion.
This case study involves an NPS 36, 107 km long pipeline (Pipeline A) installed in 2016. The subject pipeline is collocated with an NPS 30 pipeline constructed in 1999 (Pipeline B), for the entire route, and two additional pipelines near the start of its route (Pipelines C and D), all owned by the same operator.
Thermal insulation is a material that restricts the flow of heat. Heat spontaneously flows from a high temperature region to a low temperature region, and the greatest heat flow occurs through the path of least resistance. For this reason, thermal insulation is used as a barrier between two bodies at different temperatures either to reduce heat loss from the hotter body or to reduce heat entry into the cooler body.
UNS S209101, also known as XM-19 by ASTM A2762, is a nitrogen-strengthened austenitic stainless steel with high strength and excellent corrosion resistance. Besides nitrogen (N) it also contains higher amounts of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and a similar molybdenum (Mo) content compared with UNS S31603, as well as small additions of niobium (Nb) and vanadium (V). High contents of Cr, Mo and N confer this stainless steel high localized corrosion resistance. Mo, Mn and Cr increase the nitrogen solubility in iron alloys.
Understanding and mitigating stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in stainless steels used in light water reactors is important, and experimental efforts to characterize this behavior have been performed over the last several decades. While SCC growth has been shown to follow an Arrhenius temperature functionality, a departure from this functionality has been observed due to high temperature SCC growth rate retardation (HTR). This paper characterizes observed trends between different cold work levels and temperature effects on cracking behavior and crack tip morphologies in 304 stainless steel.