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As construction of an industrial plant was nearing completion, it was realized that galvanized scaffolding was used during the erection of a large furnace. There was some concern about the possibility of zinc liquid metal embrittlement (LME) of the austenitic stainless-steel tubes. LME is the loss of ductility when a metal is in contact with liquid metal while under stress. Specifically, austenitic stainless steels are known to be susceptible to LME in the presence of liquid zinc which was implicated in the Flixborough Disaster where 28 people were killed in an industrial accident in 1974.
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Coatings for metal protection is a very broad area of research and no single formulation technique is used. Generally, coatings contain micropores, areas of low cross-link density or high pigment volume concentration that provides a diffusion path for corrosive species such as water, oxygen and chloride ions to the coating/metal interface. Therefore, incorporating corrosion inhibitors into a coating system is a basic step required for corrosion protection [1]. Direct addition of corrosion inhibitors has almost always resulted in undesirable leaching of inhibiting molecules and subsequent reactions with the coating matrix. This reduces the effect and duration required to protect the substrate in the aggressive environment. The encapsulation of corrosion inhibitors into a host material as using nanocontainers is an effective delivery system of the corrosion inhibitor in active corrosion protection application [2].
Accident scenarios, such as a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA), subject claddings to rapid thermal transients, internal loading, and a high temperature steam environment. Understanding cladding behavior in this dynamic setting allows for better assessment of safety concerns such as coolant flow blockage and fuel relocation and dispersal. Improvement in model predictability and multi-physics fuel performance codes such as BISON are at the forefront of cladding related research. Particularly, efforts aim at addressing model accuracy to support burnup extension and increases in fuel cycle lengths.
In the oil and gas industry, sand production can lead to blockage of pipelines, corrosion and erosion, which may cause the failure of the fluid transport system, pipeline leakage, and consequently environmental contamination. In the process of fluid transportation, the pipe walls are always impacted by particles entrained in flowing fluid. As a result, the corresponding erosive wear may be detrimental to pipe wall structural integrity. Although sand screens and gravel packs are frequently used to minimize sand production, technical and economic challenges or limitations with these practices are still present in the industry1.
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) is a serious threat to our pipeline infrastructure. Past SCC failures have shown that both NN pH SCC and high pH SCC may lead to catastrophic pipeline failure. This is due to the formation of cracks that are difficult to detect. Moreover, SCC is difficult to predict, as multiple mechanisms must interact to lead to the formation of these cracks.
Impressed current rectifiers are the backbone of a pipeline operator’s cathodic protection (CP) systems. A rectifier’s ability to protect a large length of electrically continuous pipeline considerably improves efficiencies and reduces material costs as compared to galvanic systems. However, like galvanic anodes, impressed current anodes are a consumable asset, and require replacement at the end of their service life to ensure that the rectifier can continue to adequately protect the pipeline.
Corrosion of reinforcing steel is the most significant cause of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. Exposure to de-icing salts, seawater and chloride-containing set accelerators can play a significant role in reinforcing steel corrosion. Long-term exposure to carbon dioxide is also cited as a contributor to the corrosion of steel in concrete as well.
Asbestos containing textured coatings and other various asbestos containing components are not often thought of as being used on bridges. However, their use on bridges, especially concrete bridges is widespread in some regions and because of this, specific regulatory compliance is required. Knowing how to comply and how proper abatement is performed will keep the contractors and facility owners in compliance, avoid associated liabilities, provide proper employee safety and keep bridge maintenance projects on schedule.
The potential for structural alloys to undergo environmentally assisted cracking in molten salts is relatively unexplored due to their limited industrial application. However, fluoride salts are of prime interest to many advanced reactors including the Kairos Power FHR reactors. Table I summarizes literature studies of EAC in molten fluoride salts. For the ten studies shown, seven are for Ni-Mo-Cr family of alloys (INOR-8 / Hastelloy N or variants) that were used in the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE), two studies investigate austenitic stainless steels, and there is one report of EAC in oxygen free high conductivity (OFHC) copper.
There is considerable interest in molten halide salts for several applications including thermal storage and next generation nuclear reactors. While molten salt as a working fluid and/or fuel media offers advantages, salt compatibility with structural and functional materials is a concern. Various reports in the literature suggest that chloride and fluoride salts can be highly corrosive to structural alloys but do not always clearly describe how the salt was handled and dried/purified prior to and during the corrosion experiment.
Many pipelines within water and wastewater treatment plants that were constructed within the last 50 years are nearing the end of their service lives. Owners have invested in condition assessments to help them make the difficult decision to repair or replace these pipelines.
The required electrical power in the United States has led the utilities and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission to evaluate second license renewals for operating light-water reactors, and some extensions have already been reviewed for extended operation to 80 years. As these plants were licensed to operate for 40 years with options for additional 20 year extensions, the extended operation raised questions in terms of materials performance under extreme conditions and extended time. The effects of prolonged irradiation must be understood and evaluated to predict and ensure the reliability of plant components.