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Geothermal energy is an excellent source of renewable clean power generation, as well as for heating and cooling. Unlike other renewable energy sources, it is unaffected by local climate conditions. However, the heat exchangers used in geothermal power plants are under constant threat of scale formation and corrosion due to the harsh operational conditions to which they are exposed. Therefore, surface modifications to heat exchanger materials, for example through coatings, are necessary to improving the efficiency and durability of geothermal plant.v
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The Brazilian cost of corrosion was estimated at 3% of the GPD in 2018, that percentage is equivalent to approximately $US 49 billion, according to an ABRACO(1) journal released in 2020.1 It is estimated that from this cost $US 19 billion could have been saved through anticorrosive actions. In another research conducted by the EPRI(2) the results showed that at least 22% of corrosion costs could be avoided through adequate mitigating actions.2
The Brazilian cost of corrosion was estimated at 3% of the GPD in 2018, that percentage is equivalent to approximately $US 49 billion, according to an ABRACO1 journal released in 20201. It is estimated that from this cost $US 19 billion could have been saved through anticorrosive actions. In another research conducted by the EPRI2 the results showed that at least 22% of corrosion costs could be avoided through adequate mitigating actions2.
A building, partially clad in fluoropolymer coated aluminum panels, was observed to have an aesthetically unacceptable appearance while still under construction. Once installed on the building, many of the panels exhibited a vertical streaked appearance under certain conditions. When the panels were at ground level, or when the sun was bright, the streaky appearance was not noticeable. However, in conditions of low light, such as during early morning, dusk, or on cloudy days the streaky appearance was reported to become apparent. A visual mock-up, consisting of multiple coated panels that had been approved by the architect as a guide to the anticipated appearance were also present on-site as a reference. This visual mock-up was used as a reference for acceptable appearance of the coated panels.
In recent decade, the applications of DSS have significantly increased in oil & gas industry, due to their attractive properties compared to austenitic grades with similar corrosion resistance. The DSS products exhibit a better resistance to pitting, stress corrosion cracking and higher mechanical properties compared to other austenitic stainless steel grades. The microstructure of these materials consists of approximately 50% austenite (γ) and 50% ferrite (α) phases, obtained by means of a solution heat treatment.
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) models are important for engineering and regulatory assessments. The SCC time to the growth of a crack of engineering scale is the main fraction of component life prior to failure and is therefore of significant interest for modeling. However, the stochastic characteristics of early crack development is challenging for model development and validation.
Oil and gas wells are highly corrosive environments because they contain H2S and CO2. The 13Cr martensitic stainless steel is widely used in the oil and gas industry because of high good corrosion resistance in CO2 gas wells. Generally, the addition of Mo increases the passivity of steel. However, the role of Mo in passive films has not been completely clarified.
Cold Spray (CS) is a solid-state deposition repair method that deposits 1-50um powder particles onto a substrate. A compressed gas acts as carrier to accelerate the particles through a converging-diverging nozzle to the substrate at supersonic speeds. Critical impact velocity is the velocity that is required to achieve sufficient bonding. CS process parameters as well as powder properties can be adjusted to achieve such velocities. The type of carrier gas will also change the spray velocity. Helium has the lowest molecular weight which allows for higher gas and particle velocity upon impact.
Environmental assisted fatigue, also known as corrosion fatigue, is a well-known degradation phenomenon in structural materials that may develop as a consequence of long-time exposure of components to cyclic loads at the presence of an aggressive environment. This phenomenon constitutes an increased environmental risk for fatigue initiation in many industrial applications. One such application is the piping system in a nuclear power plant where the structural material is subjected to an aggressive water environment. Here, the cyclic loads arise from thermal fluctuations and mechanically induced vibrations.
An innovative thermoplastic type of coating material based on pure isobutene homopolymer was investigated to determine whether it would be fit for purpose in CUI services at low and moderate temperatures up to 120 °C. This polymer is commonly called Polyisobutene (PIB) and has a unique set of properties that are beneficial for protecting metallic structures from corrosion. Polyisobutene is a polyolefin with a chemical structure similar to Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP). One of the major differences is that PE and PP are solid materials with a high degree of crystallinity, whereas PIB does not have a crystallization or melting temperature. PIB has a glass transition temperature (Tg) below – 60 °C which indicates that the polymer is a liquid above this temperature.
Spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is currently stored in stainless steel dry storage canisters (DSCs) contained within concrete cask systems with passive ambient air cooling. These systems are emplaced, either horizontally or vertically, at independent spent fuel storage installations (ISFSIs), located at utility reactor sites. The ambient air introduces moisture, aerosolized salt particles, and dust to the canister surfaces. The composition of the aerosols depends on geographical factors, such as proximity to the ocean,industrial area, rural areas, and transportation corridors that use road salt for winterization.
Corrosion in metallic industrial equipment, pipework, and vessels, when left unchecked, can lead to the full deterioration of wall-thickness. The presence of through-wall defects may lead to loss of production and costly shutdowns, in addition to environmental and safety hazards. One solution to this issue is the installation of a repair system using composite materials, which are durable for decades, easy to install, and a cost-effective to deploy option for bringing industrial equipment back to operation, even after a leak is detected. Internationally recognized organizations, such as ASME and ISO, set the rules for the design methodology, material testing, and training of personnel for this type of repair method.