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Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) is a well-known industrial problem that has been plaguing asset owners for decades. CUI presents one of the costliest corrosion factors for Oil and Gas, petrochemical and general processing industries and can result in unplanned shutdowns, maintenance, repairs or even explosions while in service. Due to the risk factors present, many methods to prevent CUI have been adopted, trying to find best practices to minimize the risk of potentially catastrophic events caused by CUI.
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Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) and other polymeric materials are used in many ways to reduce and manage corrosion damage for industrial, infrastructure and municipal applications. It is common practice to use the term “resin” for polymers in these materials. This paper uses polymer interchangeably with resin. This paper will also only consider glass fiber reinforcements.
Aircraft representative galvanic test articles and witness coupons were placed out for atmospheric exposure testing at the U.S. Naval Research Lab (NRL) site in Key West, Florida. One set of test specimens was exposed to only ambient environment for a 62 day period; a second set of test specimens was exposed to both ambient environment (initial 62 days), and a short duration, twice daily, seawater spray protocol over a further 55 day period. Environmental loading was monitored using sensors that measured temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and time of wetness (TOW), at 30 minute intervals. Following retrieval, the test articles were inspected in the laboratory using laser profilometry to characterize the spatial distribution and depth of corrosion damage. Mass loss measurement using the witness coupons was used to estimate relative corrosion rates for the two periods.
The coatings industry has made widespread use of a variety of accelerated test methods to quickly and effectively evaluate coating performance. Such accelerated methods are advantageous for predicting coating system performance where real-time testing is impractical. For example, it is not practical to evaluate coatings in harsh environments where coatings are expected to last for decades when the pace of innovation and new coating development is faster than the test time would need to be. Therefore a variety of test methods exist to evaluate coatings on metal substrates, such as steel or aluminum. Coatings that will be subjected to corrosive environments require testing in environments to simulate the effects of corrosion, typically involving exposure to moderate salt concentration and elevated temperatures for a specified amount of time. Such tests, testing environments, and evaluation methods include ASTM B117,ISO 9227, and ISO 12944, to name a few.
SCC of Ni-base filler metal (FM) 82 has been reported in the nozzles and other components in Light Water Reactors (LWRs). The typical characteristics of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Ni-base alloys are a long incubation time followed by slow propagation, which can suddenly transition to fast propagation. Whilst there has been considerable effort expended to develop an SCC mechanism that can explain and predict SCC in Alloy 600, fewer studies have investigated SCC of FM 82. The Preferential Intergranular Oxidation (PIO) SCC mechanism of Alloy 600 proposed by Bertali et al. which is an evolution of the Selective Internal Oxidation SCC mechanism proposed by Scott and Le Calvar is considered one of the most representative primary water SCC mechanisms for Alloy 600.
Austenitic stainless-steel alloys are widely used as structural components in light water reactors (LWR) coolant systems, due to their passivity in high temperature water solutions. After initial passivation, subsequent development and dissolution rates of the protective film are very low. Nevertheless, metal cations and colloidal particles that are generated by superficial corrosion of structural materials, can be activated and generate radioactive isotopes that are responsible for radiation source as they circulate through the reactor core. Specifically, the radioactive 60Co, generated by neutron activation of the inactive 59Co (constituent of the naturally occurring Co), releases high-energy γ rays with a half-life of 5.3 years and is the main radiation source in boiling water reactor plants. Mitigating the incorporation of 60Co into stainless-steel oxide depends on understanding the phenomenon of oxide growth and development as afunction of the water chemistry employed, which involves thermodynamic and kinetic considerations.
In 1984 the US EPA issued a Request for Proposals to select a provider to privatize the approval of products and components used in water distribution systems across the United States. A team which was led by NSF International and included the American Water Works Association Research Foundation, the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators, the Conference of State Health and Environmental Managers, and the American Water Works Association was awarded the contract to develop the standard. In 1988, NSF/ANSI 61: Drinking Water System Components ― Health Effects was published as a result of the work of this team. This standard established minimum requirements for the control of potential adverse human health effects from products that contact drinking water and has been updated regularly since then to add testing criteria for additional contaminants and product types.
Both mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digesters are currently being utilized to treat sludge derived from more than typical municipal sewerage sources. Wastewater treatment plants are accepting septage and sludge from food waste and industrial contributors routinely today. Receiving these other sources of waste which are extremely high in volatile solids is a source of significant income for the utilities.
This article will improve the existing literature and develop the corrosion industry by expanding the knowledge of the CPHM system. I will also show one of the ways to increase the safety, availability and operational efficiency of aircraft.
EWPD of Saudi Aramco is the custodian of five large volume crude oil storage tanks with diameter of 106 m (348’) and 110 m (360’), where the crude oil is stored and transported from eastern region to western region. The tank which is being addressed in this paper is an API1 650 with floating roof. Its capacity is 1,013,000 barrels and its diameter is 110 m. This tank was built in 1978 on an oily sand pad and reinforced concrete ring wall. The inboard and sketch plates are 6.35 mm thick, and annular plates are 16 mm thick
More and more High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) sour wells are operated worldwide. Challenging material selection is required for such severe operating conditions.1,2 Very high strength materials, presenting yield strength above 896 MPa (130 ksi), are required for sustaining the pressure. Consequently, even a low amount of H2S in the gas phase may lead to a H2S partial pressure beyond the limit of 3.5 mbar (0.05 psi) established in NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 standard.3 Indeed, both high yield strengths and partial pressures of H2S contribute to a situation where the risk of Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) is high. The present paper is focusing on the SSC resistance of 130 ksi minimum yield strength material developed for covering such HPHT applications.
Fire is the biggest threat for the crews in aircraft, ships, submarines, and land vehicles. As a result of such threats there have been use of fire/flame retardants coatings increased exponentially to curb economic and social consequences of fire [1]. There are various types of coatings available to fight against the fire. Two classes of fire protection technologies are being used currently, 1) Fire retardant and 2) Fire resistant. Fire retardant coatings are passive fire protection coatings where such coatings can slow down the spread of the flames allowing more time for evacuation and firefighting. Fire resistant coatings typically inhibiting the flame penetration or do not ignite upon in contact with fire [2].