AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'scale'

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Integrity Management of Oil Wellheads and Flowlines Having Scaling

Product Number: 51317--9323-SG

ISBN: 9323 2017 CP

Author: Abdul Razzaq Al-Shamari

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Wells in South Burgan field showed increase in water cut with drop in oil production. Some showed scale formation. Fluid sampling, radiography and ultrasonic thickness scanning were done. Recommendations were made for controlling internal corrosion and scaling. Work carried out is detailed.

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Kinetic and Morphological Investigation of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (gypsum) Scale Formation on Heat Exchanger Surfaces in the Presence of Inhibitors

Product Number: 51317--9020-SG

ISBN: 9020 2017 CP

Author: Zahid Amjad

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Gypsum scale formation takes place directly on the surface of heat exchanger without bulk or spontaneous precipitation in the reaction cell. Polymeric and non-polymeric inhibitors have been examined for their effects on the rate of scale formation.

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Metal Sulfide Scale Inhibitors

Product Number: 51320-14459-SG

Author: Konstantinos D. Demadis, Argyro Spinthaki, George Petratos, Juergen Matheis, Duygu Disci-Zayed, Wolfgang Hater

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Metal sulfide mineral scaling, fouling and deposition are frequently encountered problems in geothermal systems. Their formation, crystallization and deposition occur principally because of their extremely low solubility, based on the low solubility product (Ksp). Among the metal sulfides that cause problematic issues, the most common ones are iron sulfide (FeS), zinc sulfide (ZnS), lead sulfide (PbS), and, less frequently, antimony sulfide(s) (Sb2S3 and Sb2S5). Zinc sulfide, for example, has a Ksp of 2·10-25 mol²/L², whereas for PbS, it is 1·10-28 mol²/L² (~ three orders of magnitude less soluble). ZnS can precipitate either as Sphalerite or Zinc Blende, and PbS commonly crystallizes as Galena. Mitigation of such ZnS and PbS precipitates and deposits can be achieved by chemical interventions, by the addition of organic chemical additives to the water. Herein, we report the inhibitory effects of phosphonate-based chemical additives for ZnS and PbS scales. These additives can inhibit formation of sulfide scale, and, significantly, prevent its deposition on metal surfaces. The efficiency of these additives is dosage-dependent, and relatively high inhibitor concentrations are needed for their inhibitory activity to take place. Possible mechanisms will be discussed focusing on inhibition and dispersion.

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NACE Publication 1D191-2003-SG, A Review of Screening Tests for Gypsum Scale Removal Chemicals (2003 Edition)

Product Number: 24008-SG

ISBN: 1D191 A Review

$109.00

Tests for the evaluation of chemical-based gypsum removers. Includes survey form to acquire data used in this report. Mineral scale control & removing gypsum from oil and gas production systems.

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NACE TM0374-HD2001-SG, Laboratory Screening Tests to Determine the Ability of Scale Inhibitors to Prevent the Precipitation of Calcium Sulfate and Calcium Carbonate from Solution (for Oil and Gas Production Systems)

Product Number: 21208-HD2001-SG

ISBN: 1-57590-124-2

$179.00

Test methods designed to provide a relative and quantitative measure of the abilities of scale inhibitors to prevent the precipitation of solids, a necessary and critical stage in the formation of scale.

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New Approach on Iron Sulfide Scale Modeling and Prediction at pH 4-7

Product Number: 51320-14532-SG

Author: Xin Wang, Saebom Ko, Alex Yi-Tsung Lu, Guannan Deng, Yue Zhao, Chong Dai, Samridhdi Paudyal, Amy T. Kan, Mason B. Tomson

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

In this study, a plug flow reactor was built to investigate iron sulfide scale precipitation at various temperatures, pH and ionic strength conditions and two pieces of carbon steel C1018 coupons were put inside as reaction surfaces. The ferrous ion and total sulfide in collected effluent samples were measured to determine precipitation kinetics and solubility. The solid that formed on the steel surfaces were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The solubility data from this study and literature were collected and fitted by Matlab to build up a reliable FeS solubility prediction model. The experimental results show that mackinawite is the predominant precipitated scale and could be stable for a week at pH higher than 6.0. Iron sulfide precipitation is under diffusion control, accelerated by high temperature and ionic strength. At pH 6 – 7, the aqueous phase neutral species, such as 𝐹𝑒𝑆0𝑎𝑞, plays an important role in the solubility and precipitation kinetic. Based on this study, a new solubility model that combines Pitzer theory and ion-complexes (speciation of ferrous ion) has been developed for iron sulfide solubility calculation and scale prediction.

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On Defending against Calcium Carbonate and Asphaltene Deposits Using Dual-Action Diamond-Like Carbon and Polymer-Like Coatings

Product Number: 51324-20896-SG

Author: Alireza Zolfaghari; Manuel Marya; Virendra Singh

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In searching for dual-action coatings, capable of combatting the deposition of calcium carbonate scale as well as asphaltene, three diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings, a polymer-like carbon (PLC) coating, and an engineering PPS-PTFE polymer coating were concurrently investigated for their resistance against these chemical deposits. Attempts were made to correlate surface properties, namely water contact angle and friction coefficient, with series of laboratory-made deposits generated over 72-hrs at 31 MPa and 75C by stirred and partially soluble liquids. Among all tested surfaces, deposits were successfully and repeatedly produced, and analyzed for their mass and their average adhesion (pull-off) strength. Several coatings, particularly the PLC coating, was identified for acting well against both calcium carbonate and asphaltene. A proprietary DLC coating also demonstrated beneficial effects against deposits; its high hardness and low friction coefficient also makes it particularly attractive for equipment with dynamic sealing surfaces. Finally, this short exploratory study did not establish a relationship between any type of deposition, contact angle, or friction coefficient, but proposes alternate explanations.

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Protective Coatings Against Formation of Scale Deposits

Product Number: 51323-19528-SG

Author: P.D. Natsi, E. Zande, P.G. Koutsoukos

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Polymers have played an essential role in development of technology, applied engineering, and materials. Metallic counterparts in medical, construction, energy, water treatment, and electronic applications, are often replaced by polymers. Their characteristics such as wide range of elasticity, strength and degradability make them ideal for numerous applications.

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Recent Failures Of Accelerated High Temperature Sulfidation Corrosion In The Oil Refining Industry

Product Number: 51321-16738-SG

Author: Hyungjin Lee, Hyeonsu Chae, Junmo Yang, Jaeseung Kim, Taehyung Kim, Taehyun Choi, Sungsu Cho, Moonyoung Lee, Homin Yun Jongun Lee, Hyeongkeun Choi, Gyutae Park, Hyunjoon Park, Seongyong Jang, Sunhyuk Bae, Jaewoong Kim

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

High temperature sulfidation is one of the oldest damage mechanisms in the refining process such as crude distillation unit, vacuum distillation unit and hydroprocessing unit. Since corrosion proceeds to general corrosion and occurs in a high temperature environment, it is a type of corrosion that can lead to a large fire explosion when a leak occurs.

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Review of a Refinery Boiler Tube Failure

Product Number: 51323-19067-SG

Author: Darrell Freeman, Ryan Horsley, David Whitt, Mel J. Esmacher

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

In late 2021, several leaks were observed inside the waste heat boiler coil of the steam reformer furnace at the refinery. The leaks were located in the first row of tubes of the hot bank in the vertically-oriented coil, where boiler water inside the tubes is heated via waste heat of the reformer stack. The waste heat boiler coil has a design duty of 69.59 MMBtu/hr (~20.4 MW), with design pressures and temperatures of 1010 psig (6.9 MPa) and 700°F (371°C), respectively.

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Review Of The State Of The Art Of Siliceous Scale Management In Industrial Systems

Product Number: 51322-17731-SG

Author: Peter G. Koutsoukos, Panagiota D. Natsi, Zahid Amjad

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Fouling of equipment surfaces by siliceous salts such as silica, metal silicates,
coprecipitated silica with mineral salts such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, etc.,
is a serious challenge facing the technologists in the efficient operation of industrial
systems. Severe fouling at times results in premature expensive equipment replacement,
early shutdown, increase in operating pressure of pumps, and enhance the probability of
corrosion damage. In many cases, the removal of foulants leads to discontinuous
operation of the system, resulting in higher operating costs. In geothermal applications,
siliceous scale typically occurs when brine is cooled in the course of brine handling and
energy extraction.

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Scale Formation And Wetting Of Surfaces: A Microfluidics Investigation

Product Number: 51321-16605-SG

Author: Α. Tzachristas/ R.E. Malamoudis/ D.G. Kanellopoulou/ J. Parthenios/ P.G. Koutsoukos/ C.Α. Paraskeva/ V. Sygouni

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Products tagged with 'scale'

Association for Materials Protection and Performance