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Polymers have played an essential role in development of technology, applied engineering, and materials. Metallic counterparts in medical, construction, energy, water treatment, and electronic applications, are often replaced by polymers. Their characteristics such as wide range of elasticity, strength and degradability make them ideal for numerous applications.
Hydrophilic polymers are known to induce the deposition of sparingly soluble salts. Poly-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate, (PHEMA), a hydrogel used for the fabrication of contact and intraocular lenses has beenreported to favor the nucleation and crystal growth of calcium phosphate. PHEMA disks coated withgraphene oxide (GO) were good nucleators of Hydroxyapatite (HAP). which precipitated at rates higherin comparison with the respective on the uncoated material. The mechanism of HAP crystal growth wascontrolled by surface diffusion as shown by the dependence of the rates on the relative supersaturationwith respect to HAP. GO was reduced with phenyl hydrazine at ambient conditions yielding reduced GO(rGO) coated PHEMA. The hydrophobic rGO, inhibited drastically the crystal growth of HAP suggestingthat surface hydrophilicity is a very important feature favoring nucleation and growth of sparingly solublesalts, possibly through the development of locally high supersaturation because of surface complexation.
Coatings are integral to a corrosion prevention strategy, especially with a multilayered system and cathodic protection. While these systems have redundancies and are designed with extended lifetimes, it is important to understand how each part of the system performs under stress. There are many coating chemistries out there for corrosion prevention, such as liquid epoxies and polyurethanes, but Fusion Bonded Epoxy systems have many favorable properties for scenarios that require the most cost-effective, resilient solution.
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Steel is a common material for the construction of large infrastructures. It is a main constituent used for building of, offshore drilling platforms, steel cast dock, pipeline in seabed, coastal bridges and ship hulls. Corrosion of offshore structures is a serious matter in terms of degradation and deterioration of these structures in a corrosive electrolyte such as seawater, which could lead to fatigue cracks, brittle failure and unstable failure.
Protective coatings provide the primary defense against corrosion of pipelines. Adhesion is one of the most crucial properties for coatings to function properly and support successful long-term integrity. If the bond between the coating and substrate is weak or deteriorates, the coating ceases to be attached to the substrate, and the coating loses its effectiveness and eventually fails.