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Fouling of equipment surfaces by siliceous salts such as silica, metal silicates,coprecipitated silica with mineral salts such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, etc.,is a serious challenge facing the technologists in the efficient operation of industrialsystems. Severe fouling at times results in premature expensive equipment replacement,early shutdown, increase in operating pressure of pumps, and enhance the probability ofcorrosion damage. In many cases, the removal of foulants leads to discontinuousoperation of the system, resulting in higher operating costs. In geothermal applications,siliceous scale typically occurs when brine is cooled in the course of brine handling andenergy extraction.
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Scale formation is one of the flow assurance problems encountered in the oil and gas industry. It can deposit from reservoir, downhole tubing to topside facilities. Once formed, it could have a significant impact on production, including tubing and valve blockage, interference of well intervention, and even well abundance.
Calcium sulfate is one of the common scales formed in the oilfields.
Previous studies have shown that the presence of oxygen in wet carbon steel pipelines can present a major integrity management issue. The presence of O2 in the process accelerates corrosion rates and has been identified as a major culprit in the formation of black solids in gas transmission pipelines.
Test methods designed to provide a relative and quantitative measure of the abilities of scale inhibitors to prevent the precipitation of solids, a necessary and critical stage in the formation of scale.
This technical report applies to water-using cooling and heating systems in buildings. It provides information for minimizing system damage and operational interference because of corrosion, scale, fouling, and microbiological growth in building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. This includes open and closed circulating water systems, low-pressure steam boilers and hot water “boilers.” The document also addresses thermal energy storage systems, but does not address potable water or fire protection systems. It is intended for use by building owners and engineering, maintenance, and operations management personnel. It is also intended for use by those involved in the design and construction of building HVAC systems so that corrosion, scale, fouling, and microbiological growth problems described above can be understood, anticipated, and minimized through appropriate design decisions.
Boilers are one of the most fundamental systems in refineries or processing plants. It is very critical to assess and control the conditions of boilers to avoid the operation failure. Scale and corrosions are major problems in the boiler. Boiler chemical treatment has been considered to be a cost-effective approach to prevent deposition formation and minimize corrosion in boilers to control feeding chemicals, tracers are used for monitoring chemical dosage levels. The usage of fluorescent tracers for dosage control and system diagnostics is a recognized approach for decreasing operator workload and improving system performance.
The Frøy field is in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea and is located in the Jurassic Sleipner andHugin formations at a depth of 2940 – 3176 m true vertical depth subsea. It is made up of a series ofreservoir units (RU), with the main units being RU3 to 5. The reservoir has a porosity of 15 – 23% and apermeability of 15 – 1500 mD.
The increasing need for fossil fuels has resulted in more aggressive drilling and exploitation in oil and gas production industry. As new explorations at more extreme conditions (i.e. high temperature and high pressure) become more frequent, new challenges arise in terms of drilling equipment, operation conditions and safe production. Among those challenges, the mineral scale deposition, as one of the serious problems both for the surface and subsurface oilfields, can cause pipelines plugging, equipment failure and decrease in production efficiency, even emergency shutdown.