AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'chloride'

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Critical Review of International Standards on Soluble Salts Measurement Methods

Product Number: 51324-20851-SG

Author: Sophia Xiaoxia Zhu; Benjamin T. A. Chang

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

It is well known that the residual salts on steel substrates have detrimental effects on the coating performance. There are several international standards on the measurement of residual salts. The most widely recognized ones are ISO 8502-6 and 8502-9. ISO 8502-6 specifies the soluble salts extraction procedures and ISO 8502-9 specifies the calculation of the soluble NaCl salt. The standards use 3 ml deionized (DI) water in 10 minutes dwell time to extract the soluble salts to measure with a potable conductivity meter. The measured conductivity reading in µS/cm is multiplied by 1.2 to convert into total (NaCl) salts in mg/m2. The ISO standards assume the extracted salt solution containing only Na+ and Cl- ions and use a simple analytical calculation to convert the conductivity to the total NaCl salt concentration on the contaminated steel surface. In fact, in addition to Na+ and Cl- ions, Fe+2, OH- ions are also in the extracted salt solution contributing to the conductivity reading, but not considered in the total salt calculation. The ISO standards on the total (NaCl) salt measurement are oversimplified that leads to inaccurate estimation of the residual salts. The chloride ions in aqueous condition can cause micro-pits on the carbon steel surface. The pit density and depth are related to the salt levels and corrosion reaction time. During the salt measurement, the DI water can not readily migrate to the micro-pits to extract salts, and the salt extraction efficiency depends on the corrosion severity. In this work we have investigated the salt extraction on doped salted steel panels with five known amounts of NaCl salt. We also used a chloride electrode to measure the chloride ion concentration. The test results showed that the salt extraction efficiency depends on the severity of the pitting corrosion. Based on the chloride level, the extraction efficiency is 90% at low salt content and 50-66% at higher salt content on the grit blasted panels using Bresle patch method. It is recommended to use the residual chloride concentration in the coating specifications as the acceptance criterion, not the total NaCl salt level. More research is to be done to investigate the residual chloride measurements to give the international coating community a more reliable test method in the field.

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Crude Unit Corrosion Guide - A Complete How-To Guide, 3rd edition (e-Book)

Product Number: 37612-E

ISBN: 978-1-57590-330-9

Author: Joerg Gutzeit

Publication Date: 2016

$127.00

Written for Plant Operators, Process Engineers, Metallurgists, Maintenance Engineers, Inspectors, and all others who deal with crude unit corrosion and fouling. Based on industrial experience and reflects Industry’s consensus. 3rd edition 2016 NACE, API.

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Cyclic CUI Testing of Insulation Materials

Product Number: 51317--8877-SG

ISBN: 8877 2017 CP

Author: Soeren Rasmussen

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Via the testing of six generically different insulation materials, the study has tried to identify factors in an insulation material that are more influential on corrosion rates of carbon steel.

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Decontamination Chemicals For Offshore Maintenance Coating

Product Number: 51321-16651-SG

Author: Sophia Xiaoxia Zhu; Benjamin T. A. Chang

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Development of Eco-friendly Chromium Electrodeposit for Corrosion Resistance in Chloride-containing Environment

Product Number: 51323-19027-SG

Author: Bright O. Okonkwo, Chaewon Jeong, Taejeong An, Hyun Joon Eom, Changheui Jang

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Overtime, chromium has traditionally been used as a surface coating in numerous industrial application such as automotive and general engineering products because of its excellent wear resistance, low coefficient of friction, high resistance to hear and corrosion. Owing to its advantages, several deposition methods have been developed to coat Cr on different surfaces such as plasma nitriding, vapor deposition, physical coating spray, electrodeposition and others. Among these techniques, electrodeposition stands out because of its simple and versatile approach to producing Cr deposit under ambient temperature and normal pressure, with benefits of low cost, high deposition rate, good homogeneity of coating thickness, and intriguing ability to coat substrates of complicated geometrical forms.

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Effect of Chloride on the SCC Behavior of Carbon Steel Welds Exposed to Concrete Pore Water under Anoxic Conditions

Product Number: 51323-19029-SG

Author: B. Kursten, R. Gaggiano

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

In all nuclear power generating countries, high-activity, long-lived radioactive waste is an unavoidable by-product of the contribution of this energy to the global electricity generation. Disposal in deep, stable geological formations is, at present, the most promising option accepted at an international level for the long-term management of these wastes. Geological disposal relies on a combination of engineered (man-made) barriers and a natural barrier (the host rock), in order to prevent radionuclides and other contaminants ever reaching concentrations outside the container at which they could present an unacceptable risk for people and the environment.

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Effect of Thiosulfate on the Pitting Corrosion of Nickel Base Alloys in Chloride Solutions

Product Number: 51317--9036-SG

ISBN: 9036 2017 CP

Author: Mariano Kappes

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Pitting corrosion susceptibility of UNS N06600, UNS N06690 and UNS N08800 was studied in pure 1 M NaCl with and without Na2S2O3 additions. The alloys were tested in the as-received (AR), solution annealed (SA) and aged (SA + A) conditions.

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Effects of Chloride Contamination on Coatings Performance

Product Number: 41212-686-SG

Author: Bobby W. Meade, Sudhir Palle, Theodore Hopwood II

Publication Date: 2012

$20.00

The Kentucky Transportation Center (KTC) conducted a study funded by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) to assess the impact of chlorides on bridge coatings performance.

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Evaluation of Susceptibility of 316L to Stress Corrosion Cracking in Aqueous Ammonium Chloride Environments with Low Dissolved Oxygen

Product Number: 51324-20875-SG

Author: Jonas Sa; Alexander Saul; Monir Aljaradli; Dana Abdeen; Nicholas Laycock

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Corrosion of stainless steel in applied industrial environments continues to be an area of concern for various refining operators. It is well accepted that a certain concentration of dissolved oxygen is required for chloride stress corrosion cracking (SCC). However, there are some environments where it is suspected that chloride SCC can occur even in the absence of dissolved oxygen. The susceptibility to SCC of 316L stainless steel has been studied in the pursuit of extending operating boundaries at higher temperatures under low dissolved oxygen concentrations. Slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests have been carried out for various temperatures and ammonium chloride concentrations under low dissolved oxygen conditions. The susceptibility to SCC was assessed in terms of the relative reduction in area (RRA). Detailed fractography and cross section inspections were used to identify the damage mechanisms. The implications of this behavior and its influence on improving material selection have been discussed.

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Evaluation of Test Methods for Characterizing Steel Corrosion Potential in MSE Wall Fill

Product Number: 51321-16486-SG

Author: Kenneth L. Fishman/ Hamidreza Fakhri/ Soheil Nazarian/ W. Shane Walker/ Arturo Bronson

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Forensic Evaluation of Long-Term Galvanic Cathodic Protection of Bridge Pilings in a Marine Environment

Product Number: 51320-14485-SG

Author: Douglas L. Leng, Matthew Duncan, Ivan R. Lasa

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Marine environments can be very aggressive and present significant challenges in maintaining key infrastructure from the effects of corrosion. In Florida, thousands of bridges are in coastal areas and are continually, or periodically exposed to saltwater conditions. A clear majority of these bridges were constructed using steel reinforced concrete and are supported by precast pilings situated in saltwater, so for this reason, cathodic protection is a necessary strategy for controlling the effects of saltwater induced corrosion.

Toward the early 1980s, the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) began the evaluation of different approaches to control saltwater induced corrosion. Some of these included the use of integral pile jackets, specialty materials for concrete repairs, surface applied coatings and other innovative approaches utilizing galvanic anode technology. One such system was jointly developed with industry partners and sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) using integral pile jackets lined with expanded zinc mesh anodes to apply cathodic protection. This innovative approach provides for the problem of concrete repair while at the same time stopping the on-going process of corrosion both combined in one application. Both laboratory and field trials validated the benefits to this approach and confirmed that the system can mitigate corrosion and extend the useful service life of pilings by more than 20 years.

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Improved Localized Corrosion Models For Stainless Steels In Aqueous Chloride Environments With Low Levels Of Dissolved Oxygen

Product Number: 51322-17955-SG

Author: Guru Prasad Sundararajan, Sinchana Rao, Tom Bos, Andrzej Anderko, Deepti Ballal

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In Upstream, CRAs (Corrosion Resistant Alloys) are widely selected to handle seawater and brines in piping, valves, pumps, heat exchangers, vessels, and seawater injection^1-4. Also, disposal of produced water is commonly performed through injection into spent fields. Water from a variety of sources including produced water, seawater and surface/fresh water may also be injected to create pressure drive for existing fields. Usually dissolved oxygen (DO) is not fully controlled when there are multiple sources of injection water and sometimes even possibility of injection of fully oxygenated water exists. For oxygenated seawater, the PREN (Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number = %Cr + 3.3 *(%Mo + 0.5 %W) + 16 %N) shall be >40 and limits are applied to the temperature4. Other applications involve Solid CRA or cladded production pipelines which may get flooded with seawater during installation and precommissioning.

Products tagged with 'chloride'

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